立地と歴史～Location and History – ページ 56 – 日本200名城バイリンガル (Japan's top 200 castles and ruins)

139.Sagaki-Kuniyoshi Castle Part1

An impregnable castle on the border of Wakasa Province

Location and History

Katsuhisa Awaya reclaims Castle

What is now Fukui Prefecture was divided into Echizen Province in the Northeast and Wakasa Province in the Southwest. In the 16th Century during the Sengoku Period, the Asakura Clan governed Echizen while the Takeda Clan owned Wakasa. Sagaki-Kuniyoshi Castle was in Wakasa Province near the border between both provinces. Sagaki comes from the name of the area around the castle and Kuniyoshi originates from the name of the person who first built the castle sometime before the Sengoku Period. People at that time usually called it “Sagaki Castle” and the other name “Kuniyoshi Castle” became popular later. As a result, historians and history buffs often call it Sagaki-Kuniyoshi Castle, using both names.

The location of the castle

Comparing the Asakura and Takeda Clans, Asakura were much stronger than Takeda. Asakura tried to extend their power to Wakasa Province, in response, Takeda wanted to rely on Asakura. However, Takeda’s retainers, such as one of the senior vassals, Katsuhisa Awaya, rebelled against them. Katsuhisa reclaimed an abandoned castle to prevent the Asakura Clan from invading Wakasa Province, called Sagaki-Kuniyoshi Castle. The castle was built on a steep mountain with a height at 197m near the border of Echizen Provence. People who went in or out of Wakasa Province had to pass a ridge beside the mountain, so the castle was the pivot of defense for the province. The lord of the castle usually lived in the Main Hall on the valley below the mountain, but used the mountain part when a battle broke out.

Asakura Clan′s troops are repelled 5 times

The relief map around the castle

The Asakura Clan attacked Sagaki-Kuniyoshi Castle 5 times between 1563 and 1567 to crush the rebellion. However, all the attacks failed because the rebel army and the castle were so strong. The battles between them occurred as follows. The warriors, their families, and other people around the castle gathered on the mountain carrying ammunition, stones, and wood. Meanwhile, some defenders hid in ambush beside the route to the castle. When the attackers got close to the castle on the route, the defenders made a surprise attack on them. After that, when the attackers climbed up to the mid slope on the mountain, the defenders shot guns and arrows, and threw the stones and wood all together. Many of the attackers were hit and fell into the valley, forcing the rest to withdraw. In addition, when the attackers looted property and crops away from the town and fields near the castle, the defenders made a night attack on Asakura’s positions. As a result, the castle was considered to be impregnable.

The imaginary drawing of Sagaki-Kuniyoshi Castle, exhibited by the Wakasa Kuniyoshi Castle Historical Museum

Castle is involved with Battle over Country

A fortunate opportunity for Katsuhisa came in 1570 when the great warlord, Nobunaga Oda attacked the Asakura Clan. Nobunaga visited Sagaki-Kuniyoshi Castle during his invasion of Echizen and praised Katsuhisa’s military achievement. The battle between Oda and the Asakura lasted until 1573 when the Asakura Clan was defeated. Nobunaga gave Wakasa Province to one of his senior vassals, Nagahide Niwa whom Katsuhisa served. Times rapidly changed after Nobunaga was killed in the Honnoji Incident in 1582. Nobunaga’s former retainers, Hideyoshi Hashiba and Katsuie Shibata were against each other for the initiative. Katsuie was in Echizen Province while Nagahide supported Hideyoshi. That meant Sagaki-Kuniyoshi Castle became a castle at the tense border between two provinces again.

The portrait of Nobunaga Oda, attributed to Soshu Kano, owned by Chokoji Temple, in the late 16th century (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)

The portrait of Nagahide Niwa, owned by Historiographical Institute the University of Tokyo *(licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)*

Katsuhisa’s boss, Nagahide was responsible for constructing Azuchi Castle, famously built by Nobunaga Oda. That meant Nagahide had advanced techniques for improving castles. Sagaki-Kuniyoshi Castle had basically been made of soil, but was fortified using stone walls. In the end, the battle between Hideyoshi and Katsuie happened in another place before Hideyoshi won. During the unification of Japan by Hideyoshi followed by the Tokugawa Shogunate, the castle changed hands several times. The castle still continued to be improved using stone walls, but the mountain part was eventually abandoned. Instead, only the Main Hall part in the valley was used because it was convenient for the government. In 1634 when the Sakai Clan, the lords of the Obama Domain including Wakasa Province, built the Sagaki magistrate’s office, the castle was entirely abandoned.

The imaginary drawing of Azuchi Castle, exhibited by Gifu Castle Museum

The ruins of the Sagaki magistrate’s office

To be continued in “Sagaki-Kuniyoshi Castle Part2”

139.佐柿国吉城　その１

若狭国境の難攻不落の城

立地と歴史

粟屋勝久が城を再興

現在の福井県は、北東側の越前国と南西側の若狭国に分かれていました。戦国時代の１６世紀、朝倉氏が越前を治め、若狭は武田氏が領有していました。佐柿国吉城は、これら両国の国境近くの若狭側にありました。佐柿という名前は城の周りの地域の名前から来ており、国吉は戦国時代より以前の何れかの時代にこの城を最初に築いた人物の名前に由来しています。当時の人々は、通常「佐柿城」と呼んでおり、もう一つの名前「国吉城」はその後によく使われるようになりました。その結果、歴史家や歴史愛好家はこの城を、これら２つの名前を使ってよく佐柿国吉城と呼んでいます。

城の位置

朝倉氏と武田氏とを比べてみると、朝倉の方が武田よりずっと強力でした。朝倉は若狭国にその勢力を広げようとしました。それに呼応して武田は朝倉に頼ろうとしたのです（度重なる国外出兵により国内が疲弊し、一揆や反乱が頻発していました）。ところが、重臣の一人、粟屋勝久を含む武田の家臣たちはそれに反発しました。勝久は朝倉氏が若狭国に侵入するのを防ぐために、廃城となっていた城を再興します。それが佐柿国吉城でした。その城は、越前国との国境近くの標高197ｍの急峻な山の上に築かれました。当時の人たちが若狭国に出入りするためには、その山際にある峠を通らなければなりませんでした。よって、この城は国の防衛の要だったのです。城主は通常は山下の谷にあった御殿に住んでいましたが、戦が勃発したときには城の山上部分を使ったのです。

城周辺の起伏地図

朝倉氏の攻撃を５回撃退

朝倉氏は若狭国での反乱を鎮圧するため、1563年から1567年までの間、５回にわたって佐柿国吉城を攻撃しました。ところが、反乱軍と城がとても強力だったため、全ての攻撃は失敗に終わりました。これらの戦いは、だいたい以下の様でした。武士とその家族、他の城の周りの人々は、弾薬、石材、木材を運んで山上の城に集まります。その一方で、一部の守備兵は城に向かう道沿いに隠れて待機します。攻撃兵がその道を通って城に近づいた時、守備兵は奇襲をかけたのです。その後、攻撃兵が山を登って中腹に差し掛かった時には、守備兵は銃や矢を打ちかけ、石や木材も一斉に投げ下ろしました。攻撃兵の多くは打たれ、谷底に落下していきました。また、攻撃兵が城の近くの町から財物や穀物を略奪したときには、守備兵は朝倉の陣地を夜襲しました。その結果、この城は難攻不落と言われるようになりました。

天下を巡る戦いに関与

1570年に有力な戦国大名、織田信長が朝倉氏を攻めたことにより、ついに勝久に運が向いてきました。信長は越前侵攻中に佐柿国吉城を訪れ、勝久が率いる将兵の健闘を称えました。織田と朝倉の戦いは1573年まで続き、朝倉氏は滅亡しました。信長は若狭国を重臣の一人、丹羽長秀に与え、勝久は長秀に仕えることになりました。1582年の本能寺の変で信長が殺された後は、状況は急激に変化します。信長の部下であった羽柴秀吉と柴田勝家が主導権を巡って対立するようになったのです。勝家は越前国にいて、長重は秀吉に味方していました。これにより、佐柿国吉城は再び２つの国の緊張した国境に位置することになったのです。

織田信長肖像画、狩野宗秀作、長興寺蔵、１６世紀後半 (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)

丹羽長秀肖像画、東京大学史料編纂所蔵 *(licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)*

勝久の主君である長秀は、織田信長によって築かれた安土城の建設では総奉行を務めました。つまり、長秀は城の拡充についての先進的な技術を持っていたのです。佐柿国吉城は基本的には土造りの城でしたが、石垣を使った城に強化されました。最終的には、秀吉と勝家の間の戦いは別の場所で起こり、秀吉が勝利しました。秀吉による、そして徳川幕府に引き継がれた天下統一の間、この城は様々な城主に受け継がれました。石垣を使った改修は続けられましたが、山上部分はやがて放棄されました。その代わりに谷にある御殿部分のみが使われるようになりました。統治のために便利だったからです。そして、若狭国を含む小浜藩の藩主であった酒井氏が、1634年に佐柿奉行所を設置したとき、城は完全に廃城となりました。

「佐柿国吉城その２」に続きます。

156.Kamaha Castle Part1

A mountain castle with advanced systems

Location and History

Border Castle between Northern and Southern Omi Province

Kamaha Castle was a mountain castle during the Sengoku Period, which was located in Omi Provence (currently the modern day location of Shiga Prefecture). Its position was in the central area of the province, which at the time was divided into two parts, the northern part and the southern part. As a result, the two warlords from the Rokkaku Clan in the south and the warlord from the Azai Clan in the north were constantly gaining and loosing castles each other. Kamaha Castle was built on one of the ridges, which was 384 meters high, of Mt. Ryozen,. The name “Kamaha” which means “Sickle Blade” got its name from the shape of the ridge with its steep sides. The castle was located near a major road called “Nakasendo”, which was conveniently located for battle making it easier for transportation as well.

The range of Omi Province and the location of the castle

城周辺の起伏地図

In the middle of the 16th Century, during the Sengoku Period, the Hori Clan was the ruler of the castle. The clan frequently changed their masters depending on the situation. In one instance, back in 1553, the Rokkaku Clan attacked Kamaha Castle, forcing the Hori Clan to escape, eventually surrendering the castle completely. However, the Hori Clan would eventually form an allegiance with the Azai Clan, most likely because the Azai Clan was gaining a lot of power at that time. Back in 1570, The Azai Clan fought Nobunaga Oda, where Hidemura Hori sided with Nobunaga who was easily persuaded by Hideyoshi Hashiba, the eventual ruler of Japan. This was the destiny of lord of the border castle.

The Portrait of Hideyoshi Toyotomi, attributed to Mitsunobu Kano, owned by Kodaiji Temple (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)

Harsh Fate of Hidemura Hiri, Lord of Castle

Since Hidemura formed an allegiance with Hideyoshi, the Azai Clan were eventually beaten. Furthermore, Hideyoshi assisted Hidemura defend Kamaha Castle from an Azai Clan attack in 1571. This resulted in Nobunaga, Hidemura and Hideyoshi capturing Odani Castle (the home base of the Azai Clan) in 1573. A year later (in 1574) shortly after the succession, Hidemura was fired by Nobunaga due to Hidemura’s senior vassal’s failures. The primary reason for this is still unknown, but perhaps we can assume that this was purely the cruelty of Nobunaga’s character. Some historians speculate that there was a power imbalance since Hidemura was getting more powerful through his allegiance with Nobunaga. It was well-known that Hidemura accumulated more territory than Hideyoshi, who at the time was Nobunaga’s important retainer. Nobunaga might have the rebellion by Hidemura, or perhaps he wanted to take the territory for him. As the famous Chinese proverb goes “When the nimble rabbit dies, the hunting dog will be cooked”, so too was the fate of Hidemura. Finally, there is a strong belief by historians that Hidemura was hired by Hideyoshi and his brother Hidenaga in the end.

The portrait of Hidenaga Toyotomi, owned by Shungakuin Temple (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)

Systems of Castle improved uniquely

Kamaha Castle was finally abandoned in 1575. Some historians assumed that because the castle was made of soil, and that it was inferior to other castles, that it was abandoned sooner than other castles. However, according to a more recent excavation, it was revealed that Kamaha Castle actually had an advance system compared to other mountain castles. Kamaha Castle had at least a 3-level large turret, like a Main Tower, in the northern enclosures of the castle. This turret was thought to be used by defenders who shot arrows against attackers, as well as a large ditch located in front of it. If attackers had the misfortune of getting stuck in the ditch, it would give a clear and perfect sight for the defenders. Many enclosures were surrounded by stone walls. Moreover, the main enclosure at the center of the castle had its entrance with a square space surrounded by stone walls and steps called “Koguchi”. These types of systems were seldom seen in castles that were built after Azuchi Castle which Nobunaba built back in 1579. Based on these findings, Kamaha Castle was truly more advance than Azuchi Castle.

The imaginary drawing of the large turret of Kamaha Castle, quoted from the Kamaha Castle Official Site

On the other hand, there were some differences between Kamaha Castle and Azuchi Castle as well. The large turret in Kamaha Castle was placed on earthen walls, and not on stone walls. These stone walls supported the earthen walls which prevented them from collapsing. In the case of Azuchi Castle, its main tower was built on stone walls directly. The Koguchi entrance of Kamaha Castle was designed for the gate of the main hall, and not for defense. Koguchi entrances built after Azuchi Castle exhibited more defensive capabilities, combined with complex routes. Historian often speculate that the systems used in Kamaha Castle had been improved uniquely, but was eventually replaced with other systems which were first seen in Azuchi Castle. However, the design of Kamaha Castle ‘s large turret might have been used for the main towers of other castles. This is because Hideoyoshi who would eventually build Osaka Castle included its main tower, must have seen the large turret when he worked with Hidemura at Kamaha Castle.

The stone wall base for the Main Tower of Azuchi Castle

The Kocuchi entrance of the Kurogane-mon Gate of Azuchi Castle

To be continued in “Kamaha Castle Part2”