タグ: Suwahara castle

147.Takatenjin Castle Part1

The critical point between the Takeda and Tokugawa Clans

Location and History

Mountain being meant for Castles

Takatenjin Castle was located in Totomi Province which is the modern day the western part of Shizuoka Prefecture. It was a simple mountain castle made of soil, but it had a very good location for controlling the province. Many warlords wanted to capture this castle, as a result, what happened in the castle ultimately decided the destinies of both the Takeda Clan and Tokugawa Clan. The mountain where the castle was built on is only 132m high, about 100m from the foot. However, the ridges of it are complicatedly curved and its slopes are quite steep. Moreover, the top of it is not so large, and the view from the top is very clear. That means small defenders could easily protect this castle from attacks of large troops. This mountain was meant for castles.

The range of Totomi Province and the location of the castle

The relief map around the castle

The imaginary drawing of Takatenjin Castle, from the signboard at the site

Battles between Imagawa, Takeda and Tokugawa Clans

It is uncertain when the castle was first built, but the Imagawa Clan was the latest owner of the castle in the first 16th Century. After the Imagawa Clan’s power weakened, Ieyasu Tokugawa managed to capture the castle. Shingen Takeda, who was one of the greatest warlords, also wanted this castle, therefore attacked the castle in 1571. however, he failed to do so before his death in 1572. Singen’s son, Katsuyori Takeda tried to achieve this by building Suwahara Castle in 1573, the north region of Takatenjin Castle, as a foothold. Katsuyori assaulted Takatenjin Castle in 1574, then he managed to capture the castle because the defenders surrendered. He was probably at peak of his power having the largest territory and the highest reputation for the clan at that point.

The Portrait of Ieyasu Tokugawa, attributed to Tanyu Kano, owned by Osaka Castle Museum (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)
The Portrait of Katsuyori Takeda, owned by Koyasan Jimyoin, in the late 16th century (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)
The ruins of Suwahara Castle

However, the trend quickly changed after Katsuyori was completely defeated in the Battle of Nagashino near Nagashino Castle by the allies of Nobunaga Oda and Ieyasu in 1575. Ieyasu then started to counterattack in order to get the territory in Totomi Province which included Takatenjin Castle one by one. He first took Suwahara Castle away from Katsuyori in 1576. The castle had been the foundation of capturing Takatenjin Castle once for Katsuyori, but became the one for Ieyasu later on. Ieyasu next built a new castle called it Yokosuka Castle, in the west of Takatenjin Castle, in 1578 to supply his troops and avoid Takeda’s effort to supply to Takatenjin. On the other hand, Takeda improved Takatenjin Castle by building earthen walls, dry moats and ditches between enclosures in the western part of the castle. This was the only the part connected to other mountains. As a result, the castle became much stronger. The final battle was on the horizon.

Part of “Battle of Nagashino”folding screens, owned by Tokugawa Art Museum (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)
The ruins of Nagashino Castle
The ruins of Yokosuka Castle

Ieyasu’s careful attack

Unlike Katsuyori, Ieyasu didn’t assault the castle. He probably understood he couldn’t get the castle so easily. He took a long time building many other fortresses around the castle to besiege it. The Six Takatenjin Forts (Fort Ogasayama, Nogasaka, Higamine, Shishigahana, Nakamura, and Mitsuiyama) are well known, but in fact, there were as many as 20 fortresses built. Each fortress had a distinct role, such as supplying like Fort Nakamura or preventing from Takeda’s attack like Fort Higamine, and containing the castle like Fort Sannosan. Therefore, Takatenjin Castle was completely isolated.

The ruins of Fort Shishigahana

The location of Takatenjin Castle, Six Takatenjin Forts and Yokosuka Castle

Ieyasu’s long-awaited attack of Takatenjin Castle started in 1580, while Katuyori had problems sending his reinforcement to the castle. This was because Katsuyori’s strength decreased and had to prepare for many other enemies. The starving defenders of the castle urged Ieyasu to surrender. However, the leader of the allies, Nobunaga couldn’t accept it, which was a rare case even during the Sengoku Period when many battles happened. In 1581, the defenders made one last desperate attack from the castle and but were eventually defeated before the castle fell in the end.

The portrait of Nobunaga Oda, attributed to Soshu Kano, owned by Chokoji Temple, in the late 16th century (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)

Turning point of destinies of Ieyasu and Katsuyori

It was said that Nobunaga aimed to ruin Katsuyori’s reputation by showing that Katsuyori couldn’t protect the castle until the last moment. As a matter of fact, when Nobunaga invaded Katsuyori’s territory the next year, almost all retainers of Katsuyori surrendered or escaped from their master without fighting any battles. The battle of Takatenjin Castle would eventually lead to the destruction of the Takeda Clan which may have been a trigger for Ieyasu to be the final ruler of Japan later on.

A distant view of the ruins of Takatenjin Castle

To be continued in “Takatenjin Castle Part2”

146.諏訪原城（Suwahara Castle）

諏訪原城は短命でしたが、その役割はすこぶる戦略的でした。
Suwahara Castle had a short life, but its role was very strategic.

諏訪原城の二の曲輪中馬出し（The Central Umadashi of Ninokuruwa for Suwahara Castle）

Location and History

戦国時代、武田氏と徳川氏は、現在の静岡県西部にあたる遠江国を巡って戦いました。徳川氏は遠江国を本拠にしていましたが、武田氏はその領国を、甲斐国（現在の山梨県）と駿河国（現在の静岡県中部）から遠江に広げようとしていました。遠江には、浜松、掛川、高天神などいくつもの重要な城がありました。
In the late Civil War Period, the Tekeda clan and Tokugawa clan battled each other over Totoumi province which is now the western part of Shizuoka prefecture. Tokugawa was based in this province, while Takeda aimed to spread their territory from Kai (now Yamanashi pref.) and Suruga (now the middle of Shizuoka pref.) provinces to Totoumi. There were several important castles in Totoumi such as Hamamatsu, Kakegawa, Takatenjin and so on.

遠江国周辺の重要な城（Important castles around Totoumi Province）






武田氏は、遠江国の奥深くに位置し難攻不落として知られていた高天神城を手に入れようとしました。それは難しい命題であり、そのため武田は橋頭堡を必要としました。その橋頭堡が諏訪原城だったのです。諏訪原城は１５７３年に旧東海道に沿った牧之原台地の端に築かれました。その甲斐あって１５７４年に高天神城の奪取に成功しました。
Takeda took aim at Takatenjin castle which was located deep in the province, and known as impregnable. It was a difficult mission, so Takeda needed to make a bridgehead. That was Suwahara Castle. Suwahara Castle was built on the edge of Makinohara plateau alongside the old Tokaido Road in 1573. Thanks to their effort, Takeda was successful in taking Takatenjin castle in 1574.

諏訪原城周辺の起伏地図（A relief map around Suwahara Castle）


武田は余勢をかって、遠江の西の三河国にあった長篠城を攻撃しました。ところが、１５７５年５月の長篠の戦いにおいて織田・徳川連合軍に惨敗してしまいました。それ以降、武田の勢いは急激に衰え、徳川が代わって反撃を始めたのです。
Taking advantage of their momentum, they attacked Nagashino Castle located in Mikawa province on the west of Totoumi. However, they were completely beaten by the ally of the Oda clan and Tokugawa in the Battle of Nagashino in May, 1575. After that, Takeda’s influence declined rapidly, and Tokugawa started to raid back instead.

長篠合戦図屏風部分、徳川美術館蔵（Part of “Battle of Nagashino”folding screens, owned by Tokugawa Art Museum）licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons

諏訪原城は、長篠の戦いのわずか３ヶ月後、１５７５年８月に徳川方に占領されてしまいました。この城は今度は、まだ武田が確保していた高天神城に対する徳川の橋頭堡になったのです。徳川の粘り強い攻撃は、ついに１５８１年に高天神城を落とすことに成功し、それは１５８２年の武田氏滅亡につながりました。徳川の勝利をもって諏訪原城の役目は終わりました。この城は１５９０年までに廃城となり、その生涯はわずか１７年足らずでした。
Suwahara Castle was taken over by Tokugawa in August, 1575, just three months after the Nagashino battle. The castle was turned into Tokugawa’s bridgehead towards Takatenjin Castle that Takeda still held. Tokugawa’s persistent attacks finally made the castle fall in 1581 that would lead to the defeat of Takeda in 1582. With the victory of Tokugawa, the role of Suwahara Castle was finished. The castle was abandoned by 1590 meaning its lifespan was less than 17 years.

高天神城遠景（A distant view of Takatenjin Castle）

Features

諏訪原城跡には土台しか残っていませんが、武田流築城法が表れていると言われています。その流儀には、背後に自然の要害を備え、三日月形の堀を持ち、丸い形の「馬出し」があるとされています。馬出しとは、防御のため出入口の前に設けられた関門のことです。これは防御のために使われるだけではなく、城の内部から外の敵に対して攻め出す目的でも使われました。
The ruins of Suwahara Castle remain only its foundation, but they are said to show Takeda’s method of building castles. It has a rear natural hazard, bow-shaped moats and round-shaped “Umadashi”. Umadashi refers to defensive gateway barriers in front of the entrance of castles. They were used not only for defense, but also for offence from inside the castle to enemies outside.

諏訪原城の「二の曲輪中馬出し」（”Ninokuruwa Central Umadashi” in Suwahara Castle）

二の丸中馬出しの航空写真(The aerial photo of Ninomaru Central Umadashi)


諏訪原城は、これらの条件に全て当てはまります。まず急崖が本曲輪の背後、北東の方向にあります。そして二の曲輪、三の曲輪といった他の曲輪が、南西すなわち高天神城の方向に向かって広がっています。また、三日月形の堀と馬出しの組み合わせがいくつもあります。
Suwahara Castle met all of the factors. A steep cliff was behind its main enclosure called Honmaru in the north east direction, and other enclosures such as Ninokuruwa and Sannokuruwa spread out in the south west direction, which headed towards Takatenjin Castle. The castle also had several sets of a bow-shaped moat and Umadashi.

城跡の地図、現地案内版に加筆（The map of the ruins, from a sign at the site adding information）
本曲輪背後の急崖（The steep cliff behind Honkuruwa）

特に、もっとも大きいものが二の曲輪の前で発掘され、復元されています（二の曲輪中馬出し）。ついでながら、最新の発掘の成果では、徳川はこの城を武田流の方法で改修したらしいのです。歴史家たちは、この結果に少し当惑しているようです。Especially, the largest one is excavated and restored in front of Ninokuruwa enclosure called “Ninokuruwa Central Umadashi”. In addition, the late excavation showed the castle was renovated by Tokugawa using Takeda’s method. Historians are still a bit puzzled by this.

馬出しと二の曲輪の間の深い溝（The deep ditch between Umadashi and Ninokuruwa）
二の曲輪から馬出しへの通路（The passage from Ninokuruwa to Umadashi）

Later Life

諏訪原城は廃城となった後、長い間放置されました。それがかえって木々や土に覆われ、保全されることになったのかもしれません。明治時代になって、この遺跡周辺の土地は旧徳川藩士によって茶畑として開拓されました。
Suwahara Castle was left as was for a long time after being abandoned. It might have been preserved covered with forests and soil. In the Meiji Era, the area around the ruins was developed into tea plantation by former Shogunate warriors.

牧之原台地の茶畑（A plantation on Makinohara plateau）

第二次世界大戦後、ある郷土史家が城跡を調査し、結果を公開しました。この後、城跡は１９５４年に県史跡に指定され、そして１９７５年には国の史跡に指定されました。
After World War II, a local historian investigated the ruins and published them. After this, the ruins were designated as a prefectural historic site in 1954, and then a national historic site in 1975.

二の丸中馬出しを違う角度から（Ninomaru Central Umadashi from a different angle）

My Impression

私が思うに、徳川が武田流を踏襲した理由は単に効率的だったからでしょう。戦国大名は、必要な時に迅速に城を築く必要がありました。敵の城を占領したとき、最も効率的な方法は、その城が使われていた通りに使うことです。改修が必要な時には、その城が作られた方法によるのが最善でしょう。同じように、必要がなくなったときには、そのまま放置すればよかったのではないでしょうか。
I think the reason for Tokugawa using Takeda’s method was just for efficiency. Warlords had to build castles as necessary and quickly as possible. When they captured an enemy’s castle, the most efficient way to use it is using it as it was. When they needed to renovate it, following the way it was created would be the best. Likewise, they could easily abandon it when they no longer needed it.

復元された二の曲輪北馬出しの門（The restored gate of Ninokuruwa North Umadashi）

How to get There

城跡に隣接する諏訪原城ビジターセンターに駐車場があります。また、もしＪＲ金谷駅から来られる場合はちょっときついかもしれません。駅が城の崖下にあるからです。
The Suwahara Castle Visitor Center next to the ruins offers a parking lot.
Or if you try to get the ruins from JR Kanaya Station, it may be tough to get them, because the station is under the cliff.

崖下の金谷駅（Kanaya Station under the cliff）

でも、もし挑戦されるとしたら、最近復元された旧東海道の金谷坂石畳を歩くことができます。
But if you try to do it, you can walk through the Kanaya sloped stone pavement on the old Tokaido which was restored recently.

旧東海道金谷坂石畳（The Kanaya sloped stone pavement on the old Tokaido）