中部地方～Chubu Region – ページ 36 – 日本200名城バイリンガル (Japan's top 200 castles and ruins)

138.Echizen-Ohno Castle Part1

Nagachika Kanamori built the unique Tenshu and the castle town.

Location and History

Nagachika Kanamori, retainer of Nobunaga Oda, builds Castle

Echizen-Ohno Caste was located in Ohno Basin in the eastern part of Echizen Province, what is now Fukui Prefecture. The Asakura Clan governed the province until 1573 during the Sengoku Period when the clan was defeated by Nobunaga Oda. The Ikkoshu Sect once took over the province, but Nobunaga defeated them again in 1575. Nobunaga gave the area around Ohno Basin to his retainer, Nagachika Kanamori, who was distinguished in the battle. This area connected the western, seaside part of the province and Hida Province inland. It was an important area for warlords to govern Echizen Province.

The location of the castle

The portrait of Nobunaga Oda, attributed to Soshu Kano, owned by Chokoji Temple, in the late 16th century {licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)

The portrait of Nagachika Kanamori, owned by Ryogenin Temple {licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)

Nagachika first lived in Inuyama Castle, a mountain castle beside the basin, which the Asakura Clan used. However, Nagachika decided to build a new castle and its castle town in the basin in 1576 to make his governance stable. He seemed to build both the castle and castle town using advanced methods. These methods were similar to ones used for the historical home bases Komakiyama and Gifu Castles, which were built by his mater, Nobunaga Oda. For example, the new castle called Echizen-Ohno Castle was built with stone walls and the Tenshu building on a hill called Kame-yama in the basin.

Unique Tenshu and Advanced Castle Town

Tenshu basically means the Main Tower in the center of a castle. However, the Tenshu of Echizen-Ohono Castle did not look like a Main Tower. Instead, it looked like three combined halls. This was because the construction of Echizen-Ohno Castle started before the completion of Azuchi Castle in 1579, Nobunaga’s last home base. Azuchi Castle had the first Tenshu building which looked like the Main Tower in Japan. Before that, Tenshu had just meant the center building of a castle. Echizen-Ohno Castle was completed in 1580 and its Tenshu building remained for a long time. However, the Tenshu was unfortunately burned down in 1795 and not restored. If the castle survived, it would be considered quite a unique part of Japanese History and heritage.

The illustration of Echizen-Ohno Castle’s Tenshu, quoted from the leaflet of an exhibition of Ohno City

The miniature model of Azuchi Castle’s Tehshu, exhibited by Azuchi Castle Museum

Nagachika created the castle town in an advanced way as well. The town was divided orderly to accommodate warriors, merchants, craftsmen, and temples separately. Such a way to develop castle towns is commonly seen in those in the next century. His master, Nobunaga Oda created the castle town of Komakiyama from the ground up. Nagachika might have followed his master’s method. However, the Komakiyama castle town was abolished by Nobunaga. The people were forced to move with Nobunaga to his next home base, Gifu Castle. By contrast, the Echizen-Ohno castle town remains today as the city area of Ohno City. Nagachika also created Takayama Castle and Takayama town after he was transferred to Hida Province in 1586. The traditional town has now become a world-class tourist destination.

The miniature model of the castle town distribution at the ruins of Komakiyama Castle

The streets and residences of Takayama City *(licensed by *663highland* via Wikimedia Commons)*

Doi Clan governs from Second Enclosure Main Hall

After Nagachika, the lord of the castle changed several times. The Doi Clan governed the castle and the area as the Ohno Domain throughout the Edo Period since 1682. In peaceful times, the lord of the castle lived in the Main Hall in the Second Enclosure at the foot of the mountain. The enclosure was surrounded by a long water moat called Hyakken-bori. The lords rarely used the facilities including the Tenshu on the mountain, called the Main Enclosure, because of the inconvenience of the location. In addition, it would be difficult for officials to govern. That may be why the Tenshu wasn’t restored after the fire.

The introspection model of the Second Enclosure Main Hall, exhibited by the present Echizen-Ohno Castle

The illustration of Echizen-Ohno Castle *, exhibited by the present Echizen-Ohno Castle*

To be continued in “Echizen-Ohno Castle Part2”

138.越前大野城　その１

金森長近が独特の天守と城下町を作りました。

立地と歴史

織田信長の家臣、金森長近が築城

越前大野城は、現在の福井県にあたる越前国の東部にある大野盆地にありました。1573年に織田信長によって滅ぼされるまでは、朝倉氏がこの国を支配していました。その後、一向宗が一旦この国を（信長に降伏した朝倉氏の重臣から）奪ったのですが、信長は再び一向宗を1575年に倒したのです。信長は大野盆地周辺の地域を、家臣でありそれまでの戦いに功績のあった金森長近に与えました。この地域は、越前国西部の海岸地帯と、内陸の飛騨国をつないでいて、戦国大名にとっては、越前国を治めるのに重要な地域だっだのです。

城の位置

織田信長肖像画、狩野宗秀作、長興寺蔵、１６世紀後半 (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)

金森長近肖像画、龍源院蔵 *(licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)*

長近は最初は、もともと朝倉氏が使っていた、盆地の傍らにあった山城、戌山（いぬやま）城に住んでいました。しかし、長近は1576年に、盆地の中に新しく城と城下町を建設することを決めました。地域の支配を安定化させるためです。彼はその建設に先進的な方法を用いました。そのやり方は、彼の主君の織田信長によって作られた、それまで本拠地であった小牧山城や岐阜城でのやり方に似ていたようです。例えば、その新しく築かれた越前大野城には、盆地にあった亀山という丘の上に、石垣と天守が築かれました。

独特な天守、先進的な城下町

天守は通常、城の中心にある、高層の塔のことを指します。ところが、越前大野城の天守は、そのような高層の塔の姿をしていませんでした。その代わりに、その天守は３つの館を組み合わせたような形をしていました。これは、越前大野城の建設が、信長の最後の本拠地となる安土城の1579年の完成より前に始まったからなのです。安土城には、日本で初めて高層の塔としての天守が作られたのです（当初は「天主」と表記されていました）。それ以前には、天守とは単に城の中心にある建物を意味していました。越前大野城は1580年に完成し、その天守の建物は長い間残っていました。ところが、その天守は残念ながら1795年の火災により焼けてしまい、再建されませんでした。もし今に残っていたとしたら、極めて独特な日本の歴史遺産となっていたことでしょう。

長近は、城下町も先進的な方法で建設しました。その城下町は、整然と区画され、武士・商人・職人が住む所や寺地に分けられました。このような町の作り方は、通常は次世紀に見られるものです。彼の主君である織田信長は、小牧山の城下町を一から建設しました。長近は、主君のやり方を見習ったのかもしれません。しかし、小牧山城の城下町は信長によって廃止されてしまいます。町の人々は、信長とともに次の本拠地である岐阜城に移住させられたのです。対照的に、越前大野城の城下町は大野市の市街地として現在まで残っています。長近はまた、1586年に飛騨国に移されてから、高山城とその城下町を建設しました。その伝統的な街並みは現在、世界的な観光地となっています。

高山の街並み *(licensed by *663highland* via Wikimedia Commons)*

土井氏が二の丸御殿から統治

長近の後は、城主は何回も変わりました。1692年以降は、土井氏が城とその地域を大野藩として江戸時代を通じて統治しました。平和な時代になると、城主は山麓にある二の丸の御殿に住んでいました。二の丸は、百閒堀と呼ばれる長大な水堀に囲まれていました。城主は、場所的に不便である天守を含む山上の施設を滅多に使いませんでした。統治を行うにも効率的ではなかったからでしょう。それが、火災の後天守を再建しなかった理由かもしれません。

「越前大野城その２」に続きます。

134.Toyama Castle Part3

Toyma City should be more proud of the real history of the castle.

Later History

After the Meiji Restoration, Toyama Castle was abandoned. All the buildings of the castle were demolished or burnt. The center of the castle was turned into the Toyama prefectural office, and the other areas were turned into the city area. Toyama Park was established in 1939 after the prefectural office was moved to the ground of the former Jintsu-gawa River. However, Toyama City was reduced to ashes due to the Great Toyama Air Raid in 1945. After World War II, People in Toyama held an industrial exhibition at the ruins of the castle in 1954. The Imitation Main Tower was built for the event to celebrate the revival of the city. Since then, the ruins are being developed as an urban park.

The ruins of the prefectural assembly hall in the park

The Imitation Tower when it was completed *(licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)*

My Impression

The ruins of Toyama Castle are not designated as a historic site at all. That means Toyama City can develop the park however it likes. The city can build imitation buildings as new attractions. However, I think the city should inform the citizens and visitors of what the castle really looked like since there are still some original items. I’m afraid that people would be not sure why the city and people are there and how they survived until today. The city might lose its identity. The city might also think castles must have a great Main Tower and stone walls. However, Toyama Castle has a great history without them. If the city thinks so, I recommend learning what the people in Takaoka City in the same prefecture have been doing. They have been maintaining the ruins of Takaoka Castle with soil-made enclosures and water moats after the castle abandoned, while using them as a natural park and for modern facilities.

The Imitation Tower on the original stone walls, connected to the imitated stone walls on the right

The Imitation Tower and the original stone walls of the Iron Gate

The ruins of Takaoka Castle is maintained as a natural park

How to get There

If you want to visit there by car:
It is about 15 minutes away from Toyama IC on Hokuriku Expressway.
The park offers a parking lot.
By train, it is about 10 minutes on foot from Toyama Station.
To get to Toyama Station from Tokyo: Take the Hokuriku Shinkansen super express.

The entrance of the parking lot in the park

That’s all. Thank you.
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