立地と歴史～Location and History – ページ 55 – 日本200名城バイリンガル (Japan's top 200 castles and ruins)

147.Takatenjin Castle Part1

The critical point between the Takeda and Tokugawa Clans

Location and History

Mountain being meant for Castles

Takatenjin Castle was located in Totomi Province which is the modern day the western part of Shizuoka Prefecture. It was a simple mountain castle made of soil, but it had a very good location for controlling the province. Many warlords wanted to capture this castle, as a result, what happened in the castle ultimately decided the destinies of both the Takeda Clan and Tokugawa Clan. The mountain where the castle was built on is only 132m high, about 100m from the foot. However, the ridges of it are complicatedly curved and its slopes are quite steep. Moreover, the top of it is not so large, and the view from the top is very clear. That means small defenders could easily protect this castle from attacks of large troops. This mountain was meant for castles.

The range of Totomi Province and the location of the castle

The relief map around the castle

The imaginary drawing of Takatenjin Castle, from the signboard at the site

Battles between Imagawa, Takeda and Tokugawa Clans

It is uncertain when the castle was first built, but the Imagawa Clan was the latest owner of the castle in the first 16th Century. After the Imagawa Clan’s power weakened, Ieyasu Tokugawa managed to capture the castle. Shingen Takeda, who was one of the greatest warlords, also wanted this castle, therefore attacked the castle in 1571. however, he failed to do so before his death in 1572. Singen’s son, Katsuyori Takeda tried to achieve this by building Suwahara Castle in 1573, the north region of Takatenjin Castle, as a foothold. Katsuyori assaulted Takatenjin Castle in 1574, then he managed to capture the castle because the defenders surrendered. He was probably at peak of his power having the largest territory and the highest reputation for the clan at that point.

The Portrait of Ieyasu Tokugawa, attributed to Tanyu Kano, owned by Osaka Castle Museum (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)

The Portrait of Katsuyori Takeda, owned by Koyasan Jimyoin, in the late 16th century (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)

However, the trend quickly changed after Katsuyori was completely defeated in the Battle of Nagashino near Nagashino Castle by the allies of Nobunaga Oda and Ieyasu in 1575. Ieyasu then started to counterattack in order to get the territory in Totomi Province which included Takatenjin Castle one by one. He first took Suwahara Castle away from Katsuyori in 1576. The castle had been the foundation of capturing Takatenjin Castle once for Katsuyori, but became the one for Ieyasu later on. Ieyasu next built a new castle called it Yokosuka Castle, in the west of Takatenjin Castle, in 1578 to supply his troops and avoid Takeda’s effort to supply to Takatenjin. On the other hand, Takeda improved Takatenjin Castle by building earthen walls, dry moats and ditches between enclosures in the western part of the castle. This was the only the part connected to other mountains. As a result, the castle became much stronger. The final battle was on the horizon.

Part of “Battle of Nagashino”folding screens, owned by Tokugawa Art Museum (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)

Ieyasu’s careful attack

Unlike Katsuyori, Ieyasu didn’t assault the castle. He probably understood he couldn’t get the castle so easily. He took a long time building many other fortresses around the castle to besiege it. The Six Takatenjin Forts (Fort Ogasayama, Nogasaka, Higamine, Shishigahana, Nakamura, and Mitsuiyama) are well known, but in fact, there were as many as 20 fortresses built. Each fortress had a distinct role, such as supplying like Fort Nakamura or preventing from Takeda’s attack like Fort Higamine, and containing the castle like Fort Sannosan. Therefore, Takatenjin Castle was completely isolated.

The location of Takatenjin Castle, Six Takatenjin Forts and Yokosuka Castle

Ieyasu’s long-awaited attack of Takatenjin Castle started in 1580, while Katuyori had problems sending his reinforcement to the castle. This was because Katsuyori’s strength decreased and had to prepare for many other enemies. The starving defenders of the castle urged Ieyasu to surrender. However, the leader of the allies, Nobunaga couldn’t accept it, which was a rare case even during the Sengoku Period when many battles happened. In 1581, the defenders made one last desperate attack from the castle and but were eventually defeated before the castle fell in the end.

The portrait of Nobunaga Oda, attributed to Soshu Kano, owned by Chokoji Temple, in the late 16th century (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)

Turning point of destinies of Ieyasu and Katsuyori

It was said that Nobunaga aimed to ruin Katsuyori’s reputation by showing that Katsuyori couldn’t protect the castle until the last moment. As a matter of fact, when Nobunaga invaded Katsuyori’s territory the next year, almost all retainers of Katsuyori surrendered or escaped from their master without fighting any battles. The battle of Takatenjin Castle would eventually lead to the destruction of the Takeda Clan which may have been a trigger for Ieyasu to be the final ruler of Japan later on.

A distant view of the ruins of Takatenjin Castle

To be continued in “Takatenjin Castle Part2”

147.高天神城　その１

武田氏と徳川氏の戦いの天王山

立地と歴史

城になるための山

高天神城は、現在の静岡県西部にあたる遠江国にありました。この城は土造りのシンプルな山城だったのですが、この国をコントロールするには絶妙な位置にありました。多くの戦国大名がこの城を手に入れようとした結果、この城で起こったことが中でも武田氏と徳川氏双方の運命に決定的な影響を及ぼしました。この城が築かれた山は、標高はわずか132ｍで、麓からは約100ｍの高さでした。しかし、その山の峰は複雑に入り組んでいて、且つ切り立っていました。その上に、山の頂上周辺はそれ程広くなく、そこからの眺望は抜群でした。これらの特徴は、少ない守備兵でも大軍の攻撃から城を守り抜けることにつながります。まさに城になるために存在しているような山だったのです。

遠江国の範囲と高天神城の位置

城周辺の起伏地図

今川氏、徳川氏、武田氏による争奪戦

この城が最初にいつ築かれたか定かでありませんが、遅くとも１６世紀前半には今川氏の勢力下となっていました。今川氏の勢力が衰えた後は、徳川家康がこの城を手に入れることに成功しました。有力な戦国大名、武田信玄もまたこの城を手に入れようとし、1571年にこの城を攻撃しました。しかし城を落とすことはできず、その後1572年に信玄は亡くなります。信玄の息子、武田勝頼は再度高天神城を攻略するため、1573年にこの城の北に橋頭保として諏訪原城を築きます。勝頼は1574年に高天神城に猛攻を加え、ついに守備兵が降伏することでこの城を手にしました。この時点で勝頼は、武田氏にとって最大の領土と（父親の信玄が果たせなかった高天神城を落としたことによる）最高の名声を得たことで、まさにそのパワーはピークに達していました。

徳川家康肖像画、加納探幽筆、大阪城天守閣蔵 (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)

武田勝頼肖像画、高野山持明院蔵、16世紀後半 (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)

ところがこの流れは、1575年に長篠城近くで起こった長篠の戦いで、勝頼が織田信長と家康の連合軍に惨敗したことで急激に変わってしまいます。家康はそして、高天神城を含む遠江国の領地の奪還のための反撃を一歩ずつ開始しました。1576年、最初に諏訪原城を勝頼より奪いました。この城はかつては、勝頼が高天神城を占領するための足固めとなったのですが、今度は家康が同じ目的のために使うことになったのです。家康は次に1578年に、自軍への補給のためと、勝家の高天神への補給を断つために、高天神城の西方に新しく横須賀城を築きました。一方武田方も高天神城の西側部分の曲輪の間に、土塁、空堀、堀切などを造成し、城を強化しました。その部分は他の山につながっていて、城の唯一のウィークポイントだったからです。最後の決戦の時が迫っていました。

長篠合戦図屏風部分、徳川美術館蔵 (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)

家康の慎重な城攻め

勝頼とは違って、家康はこの城を強攻しませんでした。彼は恐らくそんなに簡単にはこの城を落とせないとわかっていたのでしょう。長い時間をかけて、この城を包囲すべく周りに多くの砦を築きました。それらは高天神六砦として知られています。小笠山（おがさやま）砦、能ヶ坂（のがさか）砦、火ヶ峰（ひがみね）砦、獅子ヶ鼻（ししがはな）砦、中村（なかむら）砦、三井山（みついやま）砦です。しかし実際には、２０もの砦が築かれたのです。それぞれの砦には明確な役割が与えられていました。例えば中村砦は補給のため、火ヶ峰砦は武田の攻撃を防ぐため、山王山砦は城の包囲のため、などです。このことにより、高天神城は完全に孤立しました。

高天神城と高天神六砦、横須賀城の位置

1580年、家康は満を持して高天神城への攻撃を開始しました。一方、勝頼は城への援軍を送ることが困難になっていました。勝頼の勢力は衰え、また他の敵（北条氏など）にも備える必要がありました。飢餓に陥った守備兵は家康に降伏を申し出ました。ところが、家康との同盟でリーダー格だった織田信長が受け入れませんでした。これは多くの戦いが起こった戦国時代においても稀なことでした。1581年、守備兵は最後の抵抗を期して城から打って出ましたが、撃退され、ついに城は落城したのです。

織田信長肖像画、狩野宗秀作、長興寺蔵、１６世紀後半 (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)

家康と勝頼の運命の転換点

信長は、勝頼の権威を失墜させるため、勝頼が城を最後の瞬間まで助けられなかったことを見せつけたのだと言われています。事実、その次の年に信長が勝頼の領地に攻め入ったとき、勝頼のほとんどの家臣は戦わずして降伏するか、主人を見限って逃亡したのです。高天神城の戦いは、武田氏の滅亡を導いただけでなく、その後家康がついに天下人となるきっかけになったかもしれません。

「高天神城その２」に続きます。

82.Ozu Castle Part1

Many clans developed Ozu Castle and the area around.

Location and History

Utsunomiya Clan first builds Castle

Ozu Castle was located in the southern part of Iyo Province on Shikoku Island, which is now Ozu City in Ehime Prefecture. The castle was first built on a hill called Jizogadake by the Utsunomiya Clan in the 14th Century. This location was near the intersection of Ozu-Uwajima Road and Hijikawa River, an important point for transportation. The Utsunomiya Clan eventually became one of the local warlords in the province during the Sengoku Period in the late 15th to the 16th Century.

The range of Iyo Province and the location of the castle

Takatora Todo modernizes Castle

After Hideyoshi Toyotomi achieved his unification of Japan, Takatora Todo, who worked under Hideyoshi owned Ozu Castle in 1595. He was based in Uwajima Castle, but he modernized both Ozu and Uwajima Castles. The details of improved Ozu Castle by Takatora are uncertain, because the ruins of it are under the current Ozu Castle. However, it is thought that the basic structure of the castle was completed by him. The Main Enclosure was on the hill beside Hijikawa River flowing from the east to the north of the castle. The Second Enclosure was below the hill on the opposite side of the river. Both enclosures were surrounded by the Inner Mort in the south and west. The Third Enclosure and the Outer Moat were also outside of them. The water of the moats was from the river, so the castle is also called a River Castle.

The portrait of Takatora Todo, private owned (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)

The illustration of Ozu Castle in Iyo Province, exhibited by the National Diet Library of Japan

Yasuharu Wakizaka builds Main Tower?

In 1609, Yasuharu Wakizaka, was transferred from Sumoto Castle to Ozu Castle as the founder of the Ozu Domain. It is said that he built the four leveled Main Tower in the Main Enclosure. Some historians also speculate that he might have moved the Main Tower of Sumoto Castle to Ozu. This is because the sizes of the stone wall bases for both castles are almost the same, according to the recent research. The two two-story turrets called Daidokoro-Yagura and Koran-Yagura were built at both sides of the Main Tower, connected by the Passage Turrets. Many other turrets were also built in the important positions of each enclosure.

The portrait of Yasuharu Wakizaka, owned by Tatsuno Shrine (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)

The stone wall base for the Main Tower and the imitation Tower of Sumoto Castle

The old photo of the Main Tower and the Daidokoro-Yagura Turret of Ozu Castle, from the signboard at the site

Kato Clan maintains Castle

In 1617, the Kato Clan was transferred from Yonago Castle to Ozu Castle, which governed the castle and the Ozu Domain over 13 generations until the end of the Edo Period. The domain didn’t have a large territory (60 thousand rice of koku) which meant they were not rich. However, it promoted industries such as Tobe pottery, Japanese papers and Japan wax. It also founded the domain school called Meirinkan to educate warriors. At the end of the Edo Period, one of the warriors, Ayasaburo Takeda learned the Western military science after graduation. He lastly built the first Western style castle called Goryokaku in Hakodate, Hokkaido Island, he also worked as the instructor of the Tokugawa Shogunate.

The portrait of Sadayasu Kato, the first lord of the clan, owned by Ozu City Museum (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)

Ayasaburo Takeda (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)

As for Ozu Castle, the Second Enclosure became the center of the castle in the peaceful time, having the Main Hall, warehouses surrounded by the Main Gate and some turrets.

The Second Enclosure drawn in the Illustration of Ozu Castle in 1692, exhibited in the castle

To be continued in “Ozu Castle Part2”