近畿地方～Kinki Region – ページ 19 – 日本200名城バイリンガル (Japan's top 200 castles and ruins)

57.Sasayama Castle Part1

One of the castles which were built to surround Osaka Castle

Location and History

Tanba, Important Province for Rulers

Sasayama Castle was located in modern day Tanba-Sasayama City, in Hyogo Prefecture. Hyogo is a large prefecture which covers the western part of the Kansai Region. However, the castle was located at that time in Tanba Province which is much smaller than Hyogo Prefecture but was located in mountain areas just behind the northwest of Kyoto, the previous capital of Japan. That meant governing Tanba Province was very important to protect Kyoto and monitor if the lords in western Japan would do something effective to the central political circles.

The range of Tanba Province and the location of the castle

Castle construction is ordered by Shogunate

Ieyasu Tokugawa defeated Mitsunari Ishida supporting the Toyotomi Clan in the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 and established the Tokugawa Shogunate by becoming the shogun in 1603. However, the situation was still unstable because the Toyotomi Clan was still living in Osaka Castle, which was uncontrollable by the shogunate. In addition, there were many lords in western Japan, who were in favor of the Toyotomi Clan and might have been against the shogunate in the future. The response of Ieyasu to the situation was to build several strong castles around Osaka Castle to contain the Toyotomi Clan and divide the Toyotomi Clan and its favors. They are known as Nagoya, Iga-Ueno, Hikone, Zeze, Nijo in Kyoto, Kameyama and Sasayama Castles. These castles were built as the construction orders by the shogunate, which made lords including the Toyotomi Clan favors join at their own expenses. The side effects of the constructions were to reduce the lords’ money and force them to give up their rebellious split to be against the shogunate by showing the strong network of the castles.

The Portrait of Ieyasu Tokugawa, attributed to Tanyu Kano, owned by Osaka Castle Museum (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)

The network of the castles around Osaka Castle, which Ieyasu built

The construction of Sasayama Castle launched in 1603, which was instructed by Terumasa Ikeda who was the lord of Himeji Castle, with the help of 20 lords from 15 provinces and was designed by Takatora Todo who was considered as a master of castle constructions. The castle was built on a hill called Sasayama, in the Sasayama Basin. The main portion of the castle was on the hill, using the natural terrain and building high stone walls over the hill. Other than that, the castle had simple flat square enclosures and double water moats surrounding it. That designs made it easier to build the castle, but it would made it weaker to protect the castle instead.

The Portrait of Terumasa Ikeda, owned by Tottori prefectural art museum (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)

The portrait of Takatora Todo, private owned (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)

The main portion of Sasayama Castle, from the miniature model of the castle, exhibited by the historical museum in the Large Study Hall of Sasayama Castle

The castle was surrounded by the double water moats, from the miniature model of the castle, same as above

Castle is designed by Takatora Todo

To prevent enemies from attacking it easily, Takatora designed the castle’s entrances to be strictly protected using the Masugata system. The Masugata refers to a defensive square space which was surrounded by gates and stone walls where enemies would be locked out. Another defensive system that Takatora designed was the Umadashi. It refers to a square enclosure sticking out from the entrance connected by a narrow path among the moat. The enclosure had another moat in front of it, so its entrances were at both sides where the defenders could counterattack from them. Takatora established these structures in his own Imabari Castle which was completed in 1604.

The Umadashi and Masugata systems at the Main Gate of Sasayama Castle, from the miniature model of the castle, same as above

The Masugata system of Imabari Castle, from the signboard at the site

Main Tower is not built

On the other hand, Sasayama Castle didn’t have its Main Tower in the Main Enclosure on the top. In fact, the stone wall base for the tower was built, however, the tower was not built. This was because the shogunate determined the castle would not need it as it would be enough to protect the castle without it. Another reason was that the lords working for the construction also needed to move to the another site for Nagoya Castle. That’s why Sasayama Castle was completed after only a half year of construction. Instead, several turrets were built in the Main Enclosure and the Main Hall for the lord was built in the Second Enclosure, which constituted the main portion of the castle.

The stone wall base for the Main Tower of Sasayama Castle

The Main Enclosure of Sasayama Castle, where its Main Tower was not built, from the miniature model of the castle, same as above

The Large Study Hall, the restored building of the Main Hall in the Second Enclosure of Sasayama Castle

The castle was first owned by Yasushige Matsudaira, a relative of Ieyasu Tokugawa. After the shogunate defeated the Toyotomi Clan in 1615, several hereditary feudal lords followed the castle to monitor non-hereditary feudal lords in western Japan as the Sasayama Domain, such as the Aoyama Clan which governed the area until the end of the Edo Period.

The portrait of Yasushige Matsudaira (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)

A general view of Sasayama Castle, from the signboard at the site

To be continued in “Sasayama Castle Part2”

57.篠山城　その１

大坂城包囲網構築のために築かれた城

立地と歴史

天下人にとって重要だった丹波国

篠山城は現在の兵庫県丹波篠山市にありました。兵庫県は大きな県で、関西地方の西側全体をカバーしてしまっているほどです。しかし篠山城は、当時は兵庫県よりずっと小さい丹波国に属していました。それでも丹波国は日本の以前の首都、京都の北西すぐ背後にある丘陵地帯の位置にあったのです。つまり、丹波を制することは、京都を守護することと、西日本の大名たちが中央政界に影響を及ぼす何らかの行動を起こしたか監視するために、とても重要だったのです。

丹波国の範囲と城の位置

天下普請による築城

1600年の関ヶ原の戦いでは徳川家康が、豊臣氏を支持する石田三成を倒したことで、1603年に徳川幕府を設立し、征夷大将軍となりました。しかし、幕府の統制に従わない豊臣氏が大坂城に居座っていたことで、情勢はまだ不安定でした。更には、西日本には豊臣恩顧の大名がたくさんいて、将来幕府に反抗することも考えられました。こういった情勢に対する家康の策略は、大坂城の周辺に強力な城をいくつも築き、豊臣氏を封じ込めるとともに、豊臣氏と豊臣恩顧の大名を引き離すことでした。その城とは、名古屋城、伊賀上野城、彦根城、膳所城、京都の二条城、亀山城、そして篠山城です。これらの城塞群は幕府の命令に基づく天下普請により築かれ、豊臣恩顧の大名も自費によって動員されたのです。天下普請の間接的な目的としては、大名たちの財力を削ぐこと、そして強力な城のネットワークを見せつけることで、幕府に反抗しようとなどとは思わせないようにすることでした。

*徳川家康肖像画、加納探幽筆、大阪城天守閣蔵* (*licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons*)

家康が築いた大坂城包囲網

篠山城の建設は1603年に始まり、姫路城主の池田輝政が総奉行を務め、１５ヶ国から２０もの大名が動員されました。城の縄張りは、築城の名手とされた藤堂高虎が担当しました。篠山城は、篠山盆地の篠山という名の丘陵に築かれました。城の主要部は丘上にあり、自然の地形を利用しつつ、高石垣がその丘を覆いました。それ以外には、シンプルな四角い曲輪群で構成され、二重の水堀に囲まれていました。こういった縄張りの城は、建設するのが容易である一方、城の防御が弱くなってしまうという懸念があります。

池田輝政肖像画、鳥取県立美術館蔵 (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)

*藤堂高虎肖像画、個人蔵 (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)*

藤堂高虎の縄張り

この城が敵に容易に攻撃されないよう、高虎は城の出入り口の防御を固めるため、「桝形」を採用しました。桝形とは、防御のための四角い空間で、門や石垣により囲み、敵が来てもここで足止めできるようになっていました。もう一つの高虎が採用した防御システムは「馬出し」でした。馬出しとは、城の入口から突き出した四角い曲輪で、堀に囲まれた細い通路によってのみつながっていました。その馬出し曲輪の前にも別の堀がありました。そのため、曲輪の出入り口は両側面にあり、そこから守備兵が反撃のために出撃できるようになっていました。高虎はこれらの仕掛けを、自分自身の城である今治城で確立していて、今治城も篠山城と同時期の1604年に完成しました。

天守は築かれず

こういった先進的な防御システムの一方、篠山城の本丸頂上には天守は築かれませんでした。実は、天守台石垣は築かれたのですが、天守自体は築かれなかったのです。その理由は、幕府がそういった決定を下したためで、天守がなくてもこの城は十分強力だと判断したとされています。他の理由としては、篠山城の建設工事に従事していた大名たちが、名古屋場建設の方に移らなければならなかったという事情もありました。そのため、篠山城はわずか１年半ほどの工事期間で完成しました。本丸には天守の代わりに櫓群が築かれ、二の丸には城主のための御殿が築かれ、城の主要部として機能しました。

この城の最初の城主は、徳川家康の親族とされた（松井）松平康重でした。1615年に幕府が豊臣氏を滅ぼした後は、江戸時代末期まで城主だった青山氏など、いくつもの譜代大名が入れ替わりで城主となり、篠山藩として西日本の外様大名の監視に当たりました。

松平康重肖像画 *(licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)*

「篠山城その２」に続きます。

152.Tsu Castle Part3

You can see part of the castle ruins even in the city area.

Features

Northern side

This side is the most likely to show what the castle looked like because the high stone walls and the Inner Moat remain well. However, the original moat was over twice as wide as the current one.

The aerial photo around the castle

This road seemed to be part of the Inner Moat

Two three-story turrets were built on both edges of the walls in the past, in addition, Tamon-yagura Turret, like a long row house, was also built between them. These structures must have looked great and been a threat to enemies.

The old photo of the two turrets on the stone walls in the past, from the signboard at the site

The stone walls which had the long row house on them in the past

The stone wall base for the Northeast Turret, one of the two turrets

The stone wall base for the Northwest Turret, the other of the two turrets

You can also go and walk on the top of the walls from the inside of the Main Enclosure. There is enough space to walk and rest as it was the ground for those buildings. You can look down the walls and moat and see how tall and large they are.

The Inner Moat seen from the Northwest Turret Ruins

Overlooking the stone walls and the Inner Moat

Later History

After the Meiji Restoration, Tsu Castle was abandoned. The moats were eventually filled and the castle buildings were demolished accordingly. Tsu City became the capital of Mie Prefecture in the first Meiji Era, so the former castle plain land was a likely place to meet the demand of office buildings. The city finally bought some castle ruins area and opened it as a park in 1958. The city is now checking the condition of the remaining stone walls to prevent them from collapsing as they are aging and being damaged by tree roots. They will consider how to preserve and develop them as a historic site.

My Impression

We usually can not see any trace of the castle in the current city area of Tsu. However, when an excavation was done in the former castle area, some castle items were found. Examples of them can be seen in the spot beside a bank head quarters building, over 100m away from the park entrance. There is an exhibition for stone walls at the edge of the Inner Moat, which were excavated nearby. You can really understand the moat was 80 to 100m wide in the past, seeing it. I think this is another way to enjoy visiting castles.

The excavated stone walls of the Inner Moat which are exhibited beside the bank

How to get There

If you want to visit the castle by car, it is about 10 minutes away from Tsu IC on the Ise Expressway. There is a parking lot in front of the main entrance of the park.
By public transportation, it takes about 10 minutes on foot from Tsu-Shinmachi Station.
To get to Tsu-Shinmachi Station from Tokyo: Take the Tokaido Shinkansen super express, transfer to a limited express on the Kintetsu-Nagoya Line at Nagoya Station and transfer to a local train at Tsu Station.

The parking lot in front of the main entrance of the park

That’s all. Thank you.
Back to “Tsu Castle Part1”
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