Kuroi Castle is a local hero, Naomasa Ogino’s castle. On the other hand, it is known for the activity of the nationwide hero, Mitsuhide Akechi as well.
Features
Arriving at Top
You will reach the top of the mountain with a little more climbing. After you pass the second wire gate, you will see a different appearance of the castle ruins from what you have seen so far. The enclosures on the top are all surrounded by stone walls which you can see from the foot as well. The difference came from the period each part was finally built. The part above the gate was completed by Mitsuhide Akechi or the later lords, while the part below the gate was left as it was after Naomasa Ogino built it. The gate was installed probably in order to protect the stone walls from being destroyed by animal invasion.
Arriving at the top soonThe second wire gateThe Eastern Enclosure in the front and the Third Enclosure in the back
Three Enclosures on Top with Great Views
The layout of the top area is connected by three enclosures, the front Third, the central Second, and back Main Enclosures. They are surrounded by plain other enclosures, such as the Eastern Enclosure, and each has its own altered gate on their side. The stone walls use natural stones which were collected from neighboring places. Historians point out these features can be seen in other castles Nobunaga or his retainers built. They also say the stone walls of Kuroi Castle were built to show authority to the people.
The map arond the main portion of the castle
The Third Enclosure in the front and the Second Enclosure in the backThe entrance of the Second EnclosureLooking at the Third Enclosure from the Second EnclosureLooking at the Main Enclosure from the Second EnclosureThe entrance of the Main EnclosureThe inside of the Main Enclosure
Finally, please enjoy a great panoramic view of the area around from the top. It’s worthwhile to climb over 200m from the foot of the mountain.
A view from the Third EnclosureA view from the Main Enclosure
Later History
The ruins of Kuroi Castle were designated as a National Historic Site in 1989 while they have long been part of hiking courses on Inokuchi Mountain. Therefore, it needs to be established both how to preserve the ruins and how to use the courses. Tanba City made the basic plan for the development of the Kuroi Castle Ruins in 2018. It installed an aluminum stairways into the stone wall gates on the top to preserve it based on the plan. However, some hikers argued that the stairways spoiled the scenery. As a result, the city painted the stairways brown in response. The controversial discussion will continue.
The brown-painted stairway at the Second Enclosure
My Impression
I met a person who said he climbs the mountain to the castle ruins on the top every day, wearing a T-shirt of Naomasa Akai (Ogino). I thought that Kuroi Castle is his local hero, Naomasa’s castle. On the other hand, officials also feature Mitsuhide Akechi who took the castle away from Nomasa’s successor and probably built its stone walls. The castle is known for the activity of the nationwide hero as well. The appearance of the castle ruins actually indicate the two periods, which is a great legacy of the Japanese history. I would like to visit other forts Naomasa built next time, which I didn’t visit on my first visit.
The illustration of Naomasa Ogino on the left and Mitsuhide Akechi on the right, exhibited by the rest house at the foot of the mountain
Kuroi Castle was the home base of Naomasa Ogino who was a strong warlord, called “the Red Devil in Tanba”. When Mitsuhide Akechi attacked the castle, its fall was at hand but…
Location and History
Tanba, Important Province to protect Kyoto
Kuroi Castle was located in the western part of Tanba Province which is now part of Hyogo Prefecture. Tanba Province is not popular for the present generation because the province was small and finally merged with Kyoto and Hyogo Prefectures. However, it was very important in the past because of its location just northwest of Kyoto, the capital of Japan. Especially, in unquiet times like the Sengoku Period, it was critical area for protecting or attacking Kyoto. In 1467 when the Onin War occurred in Kyoto, Sozen Yamana, the head of the West Squad went to Kyoto through the province. Since then, local lords in the province were involved in politics and battles over the central government.
The range of Tanba Province and the location of the castle
A scene of the Onin War, from a picture scroll of the Origin of Shinnyo-do Temple (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)
Home Base of Naomasa Ogino, called “Red Devil in Tanba”
The Akai Clan was one of them, which served great warlords in Kyoto, like the Hosokawa Clan, and improved its power and territory in Tanba Province. Naomasa Akai was born in 1529 and was adopted to the Ogino Clan during his childhood because the Akai wanted to take in the Ogino’s power to get their lager presence. Since then, Naomasa was renamed his family name to Akai, however, he united with his parents’ home during all his life. Kuroi Castle was originally the home base of the Ogino Clan and eventually belonged to Naomasa. In 1554, Naomasa killed his foster father, Akikiyo. It is said this was because Akikiyo tried to follow the rule of Nagayoshi Miyoshi, the ruler at that time, which Naomasa never allowed. After that, Naomasa called himself Aku-emon as his nickname (Aku means evil but strong). However, he built a temple for worshiping Akikiyo, which may have meant his action didn’t come from his desire for revenge.
The illustration of Naomasa, from the signboard at the site
Naomasa was not a political person, but an excellent general, who just wanted to maintain his clan’s independence by the alliance with other local lords, even though they sometimes needed to serve greater warlords outside their province. For example, he defeated Munekatsu Naito in 1565, who was the deputy military governor of Tanba Province and supported the Miyoshi Clan. In 1571, Suketoyo Yamana in Tajima Province, next to Tanba in the northwest, invaded Tanba. Naomasa repelled the invasion, counterattacked Tajima, and even captured Takeda Castle in the province instead in 1575. People often called him the Red Devil in Tanba, for his strength.
The ruins of Takeda Castle
Group of small Forts
Kuroi Castle was built on Inokuchi Mountain (357m above the sea level). It was very large (around 8km perimeter) as the home base of the Ogino Clan, but was also one of mountain castles made of soil using natural terrain, which were usually seen throughout the whole country for warriors to live and protect themselves under the severe Sengoku Period. To cover its large range, Kuroi Castle worked as a group of small forts. The main portion of the castle including the Main Enclosure was on the top of the mountain to monitor the area around and all the branch forts so that the lord of the castle was able to instruct the defenders. Each fort had a distinct role, for example, the Sekito Tier and the Three-tiered Enclosure were built on the Main Route to protect the main portion, the Eastern Barbican Enclosure for defense of the eastern ridge, and the Western Enclosure for living on the mountain. That way, the defenders could prevent enemies from attacking the castle efficiently. The only weak point of the castle was that it didn’t have a good well because of the rocky terrain of the mountain.
The 3-D miniature model of Kuroi Castle Ruins, exhibited by the Kasuga Community Center
The relief map around the castle
Mitsuhide Akechi captures Castle after Naomasa’s Death
Naomasa’s strength may have actually also caused his crisis. Suketoyo Yamana, who was invaded by Naomasa, asked Nobunaga Oda who was the ruler then for help. Naomasa had once served but was against Nobunaga at that time. Nobunaga thought he would like to govern the important Tanba Province directly as well. Nobunaga sent his senior vassal, Mitsuhide Akechi to invade Tanba Province in 1575. At first, everything was going well for Mitsuhide, when Hideharu Hatano, another dominant local lord turned into Mitsuhide’s supporter. Mitsuhide next besieged Naomasa’s Kuroi Castle, waiting for the supplies and water to run out. However, after two months of the siege when the castle’s fall was at hand, Hideharu betrayed him. Mitsuhide was defeated instead and had to withdraw. This result was called the tactics of Akai’s attracting, which built Naomasa’s reputation much higher.
The Portrait of Mitsuhide Akechi, owned by Hontokuji Temple (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)The portrait of Hideharu Hatano, from the database of Historiographical Institute, the University of Tokyo (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)
The castle was finally captured by Mitsuhide in 1579, just after Naomasa’s death by illness. Mitsuhide improved the castle by building great stone walls on the top. That fortified the castle and showed the authority of the new ruler to the people, which was one of the ways Nobunaga and his retainers often did that. Mitsuhide made his senior vassal, Toshimitsu Saito govern the castle. That’s why his daughter, who would later be Kasuga-no-tsubone or Lady Kasuga, the leader of the shogun’s inner palace, came from there. Mitsuhide and Toshimitsu rebelled and killed Nobunaga in the Honnoji Incident in 1582, but were soon defeated by Hideyoshi Hashiba, the next ruler. Kuroi Castle was followed by several of Hideyoshi’s retainers. However, the castle was eventually abandoned in the process of unification of Japan by Hideyoshi. Lords and warriors did not always need mountain castles to deal with the new periods.
The stone walls, built on the top of Kuroi CastleThe portrait of Lady Kasuga, owned by Rinshoin Temple (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)
この場所は秀吉の天下統一の出発点となりました。
This place was the start point of Hideyoshi’s unification of Japan.
立地と歴史～Location and History
織田と毛利の最前線～Front line between Oda and Mori
備中高松城は、備中国（現在の岡山県西部）と備前国（岡山県東部）の国境周辺にありました。この城の周辺地は、平坦で、沼地や足守川に囲まれていました。この城は典型的な「水城」で、最初は戦国時代に石川氏によって築かれました。 Bicchu-Takamatsu Castle was located around the boarder between Bicchu Province (the western part of now Okayama Pref.) and Bizen Province (eastern Okayama Pref.). The area around the castle is plain and was surrounded by marshes and the Ashimori-gawa River. The castle was a typical “water castle” and first built by the Ishikawa clan in the “Sengoku” or Warring States Period.
城の位置と備中国の範囲～The location of the castle and the range of Bicchu Province
１５８２年４月、織田信長は既に備前国を手に入れていましたが、毛利氏が保持していた備中国を攻めようとし、部下の羽柴秀吉（後の天下人豊臣秀吉）を派遣しました。 In April 1582, Nobunaga Oda who had already invaded Bizen Province aimed to invade Bicchu that the Mori clan had, sent his retainer Hideyoshi Hashiba (the later ruler Hideyoshi Toyonomi) there.
豊臣秀吉肖像画、加納光信筆、高台寺蔵～The Portrait of Hideyoshi Toyotomi, attributed to Mitsunobu Kano, ownd by Kodaiji Temple（licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons）
備中高松城の戦い～Battle of Bicchu-Takamatsu Castle
秀吉は当初は備中高松城を強攻しましたが、それは失敗しました。彼は攻め方を変え、長い堤防を築き、足守川の水を貯めて、城を水攻めにしました。その時、日本は梅雨の季節でした。城は完全に孤立してしまいます。この包囲戦は５月８日に始まり、約１か月続きます。一方で秀吉は、毛利の外交僧である安国寺恵瓊と講和の交渉をしますが、秀吉の講和条件は毛利にとって厳しすぎるものでした。 Hideyoshi at first attacked Bicchu-Takamatsu Castle, but failed. He changed his strategy to flood the castle by building long banks and damming the water from Ashimori-gawa River. It was just the rainy season in Japan at that time. The castle was completely isolated. The siege started on May 8th and lasted for about a month. Meanwhile Hideyoshi negotiated with Mori’s diplomatic priest, Ekei Ankokuji to make a peace treaty, but Hideyoshi’s conditions for the plan was too strict for Mori.
水攻めのジオラマ～The diorama of the flooding the castle（高松城址公園資料館）
秀吉は主君の信長に救援を要請し、交渉を成立させるか、決戦を行おうとしました。ところが、６月２日、信長は秀吉の援軍に向かうはずだった明智光秀に京都で殺されてしまいます。６月３日の夜、光秀から毛利への使者が偶然秀吉により捕らえられたと言われています。秀吉は主君の死を知り、当惑し嘆き悲しみますが、彼の軍師の黒田官兵衛が秀吉を励まし、天下を取る好機であると言ったといいます。秀吉はすぐに決心しました。彼は毛利との条件に妥協し、翌日には講和を結びました。毛利は事件のことを後日知りますが、時すでに遅しでした。秀吉は堤防を破り、周辺を水浸しにしたからです。 Hideyoshi asked his master, Nobunaga for help to finish the negotiation or have a showdown. However, on June 2nd, Nobunaga was killed in Kyoto by Mitsuhide Akechi who should be the reinforcement for Hideyoshi. It is said that the messenger from Mitsuhide to Mori was accidentally caught by Hideyoshi on the night of June 3rd. Hedeyoshi was upset and cried to hear about his master’s death, but his strategist, Kanbe Kuroda encouraged Hideyoshi and said this was the chance to take the power. Hideshori quickly made up his mind. He compromised his conditions with Mori, making the peace plan the next day. Mori knew about the incident after that, but they were too late, because Hideyoshi broke the banks to flood the area around.
明智光秀肖像画、本徳寺蔵～The Portrait of Mitsuhide Akechi, ownd by Hontokuji Temple（licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons）
そして、彼と１万人以上の兵士は、備中高松城から８０ｋｍ離れた本拠地の姫路城に２、３日で帰還しました。彼は全ての財産を兵士に分け与えました。勇躍した兵士たちは６月１３日に光秀を打ち破ります。光秀の天下はたった１１日で終わりました。（山崎の戦い） Then, he and his over 10,000 soldiers turned back to their base Himegi Castle, about 80km from Bicchu-Takamatsu Castle in two or three days. He gave all of his properties to his soldiers. The braved troops defeated Mitsuhide on June 13th. Mitsuhide’s glory was only 11 days. (Battle of Yamazaki)
秀吉の動き～Hideyoshi’s movement
何が真相か～What is the truth?
ある作家は、この話はあまりに出来すぎだと言います。秀吉と毛利との講和の成立があまりに早すぎるというのです。講和条件には城主の清水宗治の死が含まれていました。たった１日でこのような重要な決定がなされ、実行されるものなのでしょうか。その作家は秀吉は事件の発生を予測し、準備を進めたのではないかと推測しています。更には、毛利方の僧侶恵瓊もそれを知っており、秀吉と共謀したのではないかということです。彼らは事の成就を待っていたのです。 A writer says that story was too good to be true. He argued that it was too quickly to make the decision between Hideyoshi and Mori. The conditions included the death of the castle’s lord, Muneharu Shimizu. How could they decide and execute such important matters within one day? He speculates that Hideyoshi had predicted the incident would happen and had prepared for that. In addition, the Mori’s priest Ekei might have known and shared that with Hideyoshi. They were just waiting for the result.
清水宗治の首塚～Muneharu’s grave
また、秀吉の早すぎる移動にも疑いがあります。この事自体は事実です。疑問点は、なぜ疲れ切った前近代の軍隊がこんな事ができたかです。姫路城での財物を含め、移動の準備も予め行っていたに違いないのです。この作家は秀吉は、光秀に信長を討つよう仕向けていたと考えています。 He also had doubts about Hideyoshi’s fastest movement. It is a fact. The question is why the tired pre-modern troops could do this. They must have also prepared for the movement as well as the properties in Himegi. The writer guessed Hideyoshi might lead Mitsuhide to attack Nobunaga.
姫路城～Himeji Castle
特徴～Features
城跡～The ruins of the castle
現在、備中高松城跡は、水上公園として一般に公開されています。実にのどかな雰囲気が漂っていて、資料館ではその歴史を深く学ぶことができます。本丸跡には、宗治の首塚などが残っています。 Now, the ruins of Bicchu-Takamatsu Castle is open to the public as a water park. It has a relaxed atmosphere, and a museum where we can lean more about its history. At the ruins of the Main Enclosure or Honmaru, Muneharu’s grave and so on remain.
水上公園～The water park高松城址公園資料館～Takamatsu Castle Ruins Park Museum本丸跡～The ruins of the Main Enclosure
堤防跡～The ruins of the bank
それから、「蛙が鼻」堤と呼ばれる秀吉が築いた堤防跡にも行ってみることをお勧めします。この堤防は約５ｍの高さと約３ｋｍの長さでした。この堤跡は、堤防の端に当たっており、現在は当時より低くなってしまったように見えます。しかし、実際に見てみることで、堤防がどんなに巨大だったか想像することができるでしょう。 I also recommend you visiting the ruins of the banks Hideyoshi built called “Kawazugahana” bank. The banks had about 5m height and about 3km length. The ruins were just at the edge of the banks, and look lower than in the past, but you can imagine how large the banks were by seeing them.
「蛙が鼻」堤～“Kawazugahana” bank土俵を埋めた跡～The ruin of buried earth bags堤跡の遠景～A distant view of the ruins of the bank
その後～Later History
戦いの後、城は宇喜多氏の所有となりました。江戸時代には、城は廃城となってしまいますが、本丸跡地に将軍の旗本が住んでいました。城跡は、１９２９年に国の史跡に指定されます。１９８５年には城跡周辺の地域は、豪雨による水害に見舞われますが、城跡は沈まなかったそうです。現代になって、城の立地の確かさが証明されたわけです。 After the battle, the Ukita clan under Hideyoshi took over Bicchu-Takamatsu Castle. In the Edo Period, the castle was abandoned, and a Shogunal retainer lived at the ruins of Honmaru. The ruins were designated as a National Historic Site in 1929. In 1985, the area around the ruins suffered natural flood from harsh weather. However, the ruins never sunk. That prove the good location of the castle in present day.
洪水時（上）と普段（下）の地域の写真～The photo of the area, the upper is when flooding, the lower is usual（高松城址公園資料館）
私の感想～My Impression
秀吉は、彼の主君、信長の身に何かが起こることを予測していたはずです。彼はそれを信長に告げずに、独立の準備を進めたのです。彼もまた戦国武将の一人でした。むしろ驚くのは、恐らくは一部は彼自身が作ったであろう劇的な物語を、ほとんどの日本人が定説として信じていることです。秀吉恐るべし。 I think Hideyoshi must have predicted something would happen to his master, Nobunaga. He didn’t inform that to Nobunaga to prepare for his independence. He was just one of warlords. I’m rather surprised that his dramatic story probably partially made by himself has been believed to be the theory by most of Japanese people. He is incredible!
『高松城水攻築堤の図』、月岡芳年作、１９世紀～”Water siege of Takamatsu castle”, attributed to Yoshitoshi Tsukioka, in the 19th century（licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons）
ここに行くには～How to get There
車で行く場合：山陽自動車道の岡山ＩＣから約１０分かかります。城址公園に駐車場があります。 電車で行く場合：ＪＲ備中高松駅から歩いて約１０分です。 東京、名古屋または大阪から備中高松駅まで：新幹線で岡山駅まで行き、吉備線に乗り換えてください。 If you want to go there by car: It takes about 10 minutes from the Okayama IC on Sanyo Expressway. The park offers a parking lot. If you want to go there by train: It takes about 10 minutes on foot from JR Bicchu-Takamatsu Station. From Tokyo, Nagoya, or Osaka to Bicchu-Takamatsu Station: Take the Shinkansen super express and transfer to Kibi local line at Okayama Station.
リンク、参考情報～Links and References
・備中高松城址、おかやま観光ネット（Okayama pref. Official Site） ・「秀吉はいつ知ったか／山田風太郎著」ちくま文庫（Japanese Book） ・「よみがえる日本の城５」学研（Japanese Book）
