The supply of the water from the Kumagawa River provides specialties such as hot spring, Kuma-shochu spirit, and sweet fish while the water could sometimes cause flood damages.
Features
Today, if you get close to the ruins of Hitoyoshi Castle, you will see a grand view of the Kumagawa River which collects water from mountain areas around, where you can also see students in canoes.
A grand view of the Kumagawa RiverThe students in canoes in the river
The supply of the water from the river provides specialties such as hot spring, Kuma-shochu spirit, and sweet fish while the water could sometimes cause flood damages. There was recently the Kumagawa River flood disaster in July, 2020 which actually caused serious damage to the castle ruins beside the river. The ruins have already resumed to be seen by visitors, but the Hitoyoshi Castle History Museum at the site is still closed as of September, 2023.
A facility of Hitoyoshi hot springThe closed Hitoyoshi Castle History MuseumThe water reached the level of the bill
Mysterious Water Bath of Basement
The museum is in the lowest area of the riverside which was used as the Main Gate, the domain’s facilities, and the senior vassals’ residences. Some turrets and walls surrounding the area have been restored. In fact, the museum is exactly on the same residence ruins of Seibe Sagawa who was banished during the Edo Period.
The aerial photo around the castle
The ruins of warriors’ residences at the riversideThe ruins of the Main GateThe restored row-style turret beside the Main GateThe restored Corner Turret
An interesting thing about the residence was that a water bath made of stones was found in the basement of the ruins. The water comes from the river and the bath is over 2m deep. There are no other similar cases in Japanese castles so far. Some speculate that it might have been used as a bathing place of a Jewish chapel because the specs were similar. There were secret Christians in the Hitoyoshi area though being Christians was prohibited during the Edo Period. Some of them might have believed Judaism.
The discovered water bath of the basement, quoted from the Hitoyoshi City website
Stone Walls with Hanedashi system surrounding Main Hall
The next area is the former Main Hall for the lord, called Mitachi, which is used as the Sagara-Gokoku Shrine. Some items for the hall remain, such as a pond garden, the stone entrance bridge over the moat, and stone walls surrounding it.
The ruins of the Main HallThe Sagara-Gokoku ShrineThe pond gardenThe stone entrance bridge over the moat
In particular, the stone walls facing the riverside use the Hanedashi system which refers to all the stones on the top row are layered to prevent enemies from invading. That’s why it is also called Musha-gaeshi or the Repelling Warriors system. The system is rarely seen in other Japanese castles only in Goryokaku, Shinagawa Batteries, and Tatsuoka Castle which were built at the end of the Edo Period.
The stone walls with the Hanedashi system of Hitoyoshi CastleThe stone walls with the Hanedashi system of GoryokakuThe stone walls with the Hanedashi system of Shinagawa BatteriesThe stone walls with the Hanedashi system of Tatsuoka Castle
In front of the stone walls, the ruins of Mizunote-mon or the Water Gate are open to the Kumagawa River, which proves that the castle was involved in water transportation.
The ruins of the Water GateThe ruins seen from the outside
基肄城は、西日本にあった古代山城の一つです。６６３年に朝鮮で起きた白村江の戦いの後、朝廷により築かれました。日本は百済を助けようとしましたが、唐と新羅の連合軍に敗れたのです。天智天皇は、この連合軍による将来の侵攻の可能性を恐れ、百済からの難民の助けも借り、これらの城の築城を命じたのです。そのため、これらの城は「朝鮮式山城」とも呼ばれています。 Kii Castle is one of ancient mountain castles in western Japan. It was built by the Imperial Court after the Battle of Baekgang, Korea in 663. Japan tried to help Baekje, but was beaten by the ally of Tang and Silla. Emperor Tenchi, worried by the future possibility of invasion by this alliance, ordered the construction of these castles with the help of Baekje refugees. That’s why these castles are also called “Korean style mountain castles”.
白村江の戦いの図～The map about the Battle of Baekgang（licensed by Samhanin via Wikimedia Commons）
城特有の役割～Castle’s own Role
基肄城は、九州地方で記録がある五つのうちの一つです。その他は、大野、水城、麹池、そして金田です。それぞれの城には独自の役目がありました。基肄城は、物見のための城だったように思います。もし、連合軍が日本を攻めた場合、２つの考えられる侵攻ルートがありました。両方とも最初は金田城が築かれた対馬海峡にある対馬は通るでしょう。そして、壱岐島の辺りで２つに分かれることが推測され、一つは北の方角から博多湾経由で福岡平野に上陸し、もう一つは西の方角から有明湾経由で佐賀平野に上陸するものです。 Kii Castle was one of the five recorded ones in Kyushu region. The others were Ono, Mizuki, Kikuchi, and Kaneda. Each castle had its own role. I think Kii Castle was kind of a lookout castle. If the ally were to attack Japan, there would be two possible routes to enter from. Both would first pass through Tsushima Island on Tsushima Strait where Kaneda Castle was built. There are speculations that the routes may be divided around Iki Island, one would land on the Fukuoka plain through Hakata Bay from the north direction, and the other would land on the Saga plain through Ariake Bay from the west direction.
九州地方の５つの記録された古代山城の位置～The location of five recorded ancient mountain castles in Kyushu region
基山（標高４０４ｍ）の上にあり、その頂上からは福岡、佐賀両平野が見渡せます。この城は主に佐賀の防衛の備えとされ、一方水城は福岡の方の備えとされました。基山には３つの峰（山頂、北峰、東峰）があり、南方になる谷を取り囲んでいました。それらの峰に沿って土塁が築かれ、その総延長は３．９ｋｍありました。南側の谷には石垣が築かれ、排水口により水量を調整していました。城には４つの門があり、内側には倉庫や兵舎など多くの建物がありました。 Kii Castle was built on Kizan mountain (404m above sea level) and from its top both the Fukuoka and the Saga plains are visible. It was mainly prepared for the protection of Saga, while Mizuki was built for the protection of Fukuoka. Kizan mountain has three ridges (the top, the North Peak, and the East Peak) surrounding the valley on the south. The earthen walls were built along the ridges whose overall length was 3.9km. The stone walls were also built on the southern valley which had drains to control water. The castle had four gates and lots of buildings inside such as warehouses and barracks.
城周辺の起伏地図～The relief map around the castle
戦国時代に再利用～It was reused in Sengoku Period
古書によれば、基肄城は６６５年に築かれ、６９８年に修繕されました。結果的には連合軍は幸いにも日本を攻撃しませんでした。城の倉庫や兵舎は８、９世紀頃はで使われたとする歴史家もいます。１５、１６世紀頃、戦国時代として知られる時期には、その立地の良さから戦国大名によって再び城は使われました。 Old books say that Kii Castle was built in 665, and repaired in 698. As a result, the ally fortunately did not attack Japan. Some historians believe that the castle’s warehouses and barracks were used until around the 8th and 9th centuries. Around the 15th and 16th centuries which is also sometimes known as “Sengoku” Period or the Warring State Period, the castle was used again by some warlords, because of its good location.
戦国時代の城跡～The ruins of the castle in the Sengoku Period
特徴～Features
現在（２０２１年２月）、城跡の中心部に入ることと、全体を歩き通すことはできません。２０１８年の西日本での豪雨によりこの辺りが深刻な被害を受けたからです。行政がこの地域の道路と山道の通行を禁止しているのです。このため、観光客は行政が許可したいくつかの地点のみ見ることができます。それでは、現在行くことができる２つの地点をご紹介しましょう。 Now (in February 2021), it is impossible for anyone to enter the center of the castle ruins, and walk straight through the whole area. This is because the area was seriously destroyed by the heavy rain in western Japan in 2018. The local government bans the use of roads and trails in that area. For this reason, visitors are able to see only some spots that the Local Government has opened. I will describe two spots you can visit now.
城周辺の地図～The map around the castle
基山山頂～Summit of Kizan
ここは城の最高地点だった所で、土塁の西側部分に当たります。そしてまた戦国時代の城の本丸でもありました。その外側は急坂になっていて、現在ではグラススキー場のゲレンデとして使われています。山頂の麓には駐車場があり、城跡を訪れる際駐車することができます。１５分程山頂の方に登っていくと、その途中に沢山の溝が見えてきます。それは何か入口のように見えるかもしれませんが、実は戦国時代の城主により作られた「いものがんぎ」と呼ばれる空堀跡なのです。 This was the highest spot of the castle and the western part of the earthen walls, as well as the Main Enclosure of the castle in Sengoku Period. The outside is steep slope, so it is now used as a grass ski ground. There is a parking lot on the foot of the summit where you can park your cars while visiting the ruins. Its 15 minutes climb to the top and on the way you will see many ditches . You may think they are some of the entrances, but they are, in fact, ruins of dry moats called “Imono-gangi”, made by the lord of the Sengoku castle.
土塁外側の急坂～The steep slope outside of the earthen walls「いものがんぎ」と呼ばれる空堀跡～The ruins of dry moats called “Imono-gangi”
その空堀を越えていくと、土塁の上のよく開けた場所に至ります。土塁は南北に走っています。北の方角には基肄城を示す標識があり、福岡平野を望むことができます。 Over the dry moats, you will enter the widely open area, on the earthen walls. You can see the ridge of the mountain, the earthen walls, that goes both north and south. You can also have a view of the Fukuoka plain with the signboard of Kii Castle on the north.
基肄城の標識～The signboard of Kii Castle福岡平野の眺め～A view of the Fukuoka Plain
次に、反対側の南の方角に向かってみると、人工の土盛りが見えてきます。これらは戦国時代の本丸の跡なのです。この本丸は山の頂に作られたのです。もう一つ、天智天皇に関わる記念碑がここにあります。山頂からは、佐賀平野を見渡すことができます。 Next, if you go to the opposite side on the south, you can find artificial mounds, which are also the ruins of the Main Enclosure in Sengoku Period. The Enclosure is situated on the top of the mountain. There is another monument for Emperor Tenchi. You can also see the Saga plain from the top.
南の方角を見る～Lookng at the south direction戦国時代の本丸跡～The ruins of the Main Enclosure in Sengoku Period天智天皇の記念碑～The monument for Emperor Tenchi佐賀平野の眺め～A view of the Saga Plain
水門跡～Ruins of Water Gate
この場所は、城の南の部分に当たり、谷を埋めるため、水門と共に石垣が築かれました。石垣と水門の一部が今に残っています。ここに行くには違う道筋を進む必要があります。現存の石垣は全長２６ｍ、高さ８．５ｍあります。水門は石垣の下に設置され、住吉川の水を内側から外側に排出しています。 This spot was located on the southern part of the castle where the stone walls were built with the water gate to fill the valley. Part of the stone walls with the gate remain now. To visit them, you have to take a different route. The remaining stone walls are 26m long and 8.5m tall. The water gate is placed under the wall to drain the water of Sumiyoshi-gawa River from the inside to the outside.
水門跡～The ruins of the water gate（licensed by Wxrx via Wikimedia Commons）
その後～Later History
江戸時代（１８、１９世紀頃）においてでも、人々は基肄城が古代の遺跡であることを認識していました。というのは、公式の歴史書である「日本書紀」にこの城のことが記録されていたからです。城跡は最終的に１９５４年に国の特別史跡に指定されました。 Even in the Edo Period (around the 18th and 19th centuries), people recognized Kii Castle as ancient ruins, because the castle have been recorded in an official history book called “Nihon-Shoki”. The ruins were finally designated as a Special National Historic Site in 1954.
基肄城の土塁～The earthen walls of Kii Castle
私の感想～My Impression
私が基山山頂を訪れたとき、その山頂からは福岡・佐賀両平野の素晴らしい景色が見えました。そのときこの城はとても良い立地にあることが理解できたのです。役所によると城跡の中心地の道路は２０２２年３月までに復旧するとのことです。その後またこの城跡を訪れてみたいと思います。 When I visited the summit of Kizan, and saw great views both of the Fukuoka and Saga plains from the top, I really found out the castle had a very good location. The local government says that the roads in the center of the ruins will be repaired by March 2022. I would like to visit them again after that.
基山山頂付近～Around the top of Kizan mountain
ここに行くには～How to get There
ここには車で行くことをお勧めします。 九州自動車道の筑紫野ICから５ｋｍ以内のところです。 もし基山町役場に立ち寄ることができれば、職員の方が城跡への道のりを詳しく教えてくれます。 I recommend you to go there by car at this point. The ruins are within 5 km away from the Chikushino IC on Kyushu Expressway. If you drop by at the Kizan Town hall, the officials will offer you the detailed routes to the ruins.
