ページ 130 – 日本200名城バイリンガル (Japan's top 200 castles and ruins)

47.Iga-Ueno Castle Part1

The castle for protecting and attacking Osaka

Location and History

From Home of Ninja to Site for protecting Osaka

Iga-Ueno Castle was located in Iga Province which is now the western part of Mie Prefecture. Iga is probably more well known for being the home of Ninja than for the castle. Actually, before the castle was built in 1585, the province was divided among many small local lords. They gained special knowledge and techniques so that they could protect themselves. They were also often hired by larger warlords in other provinces as spies or Special Forces we now call Ninja. Unfortunately, they were conquered by Nobunaga Oda in 1581. When Nobunaga’s successor, Hideyoshi Toyotomi was organizing his unification of Japan, he sent Sadatsugu Tsutsui to the province as the lord.

The range of Iga Province and the location of the castle

The portrait of Sadatsugu Tsutsui, from a collection of Japanese poems called Giretsu-Hyakuninisshu, owned by National Institute of Japanese Literature (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)

Hideyoshi was based in Osaka Castle, so Iga Province was on the direct route from Osaka to eastern Japan. That’s why he sent Sadatsugu who first built Iga-Ueno Castle in 1585. Therefore, the castle was supposed to prevent enemies from attacking from the east. The three-level Main Tower of the castle was also built in the eastern part of it. Sadatsugu somehow survived when Ieyasu Tokugawa became the final ruler at the beginning of the 17th Century after Hideyoshi died. However, he was fired by the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1608 due to a claim of misgovernment from his retainers. Historians speculate that the shogunate, in fact, wanted to remove Sadatsugu who was doubly loyal to both the shogunate and the Toyotomi Clan still at Osaka Castle.

Toyotomi’s Main Tower of Osaka Castle, from “The summer campaign of the siege of Osaka folding screens”, owned by Osaka Castle Museum (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)

The Portrait of Hideyoshi Toyotomi, attributed to Mitsunobu Kano, owned by Kodaiji Temple (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)

Takatora Todo renovated Castle for attacking Osaka

Instead, the shogunate transferred Takatora Todo from Imabari Castle in Shikoku Island to Iga province. Takatora was not a hereditary feudal lord, which meant he didn’t work under Ieyasu Tokugawa, who was the founder of the shogunate, for a long time. However, he was a well-known master of castle construction through having build Uwajima, Ozu and Imabari Castles. He also helped the shogunate build its famous castles such as Edo, Nagoya, and Nijo in Kyoto. That’s why he was trusted by the shogunate. They expected Takatora to build a strong castle to stand against the Toyotomi Clan at Osaka Castle in the west. Takatora accomplished this by renovating Iga-Ueno Castle. He thought that if the shogunate were to be beaten at Osaka Castle, he could accommodate Ieyasu in Iga-Ueno Castle.

The portrait of Takatora Todo, private owned (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)

Takatora extended the Main Enclosure, the center of the castle on a hill to the west, towards Osaka Castle. He invited a guild of craftsmen called Ano-shu to build the highest stone walls (at that time) at the western side of the enclosure. It was completed- Takatora’s biography praises him, saying the stone walls were greater then those of Osaka Castle. Takatora also started to build the five-level Main Tower behind the stone walls, however, the tower collapsed due to a windstorm in 1612. The Second Enclosure was built beside the hill in the south, which was used as warriors’ housing. It had two large Main Gates in its western and eastern parts. The construction was ongoing when the battles between the shogunate and the Toyotomi Clan happened in 1614. however, it halted after the shogunate beat the Toyotomi Clan in 1615.

*The illustration of Hachimanyama Castle and Town*, private owned (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)

The old photo of the Western Main Gate (*licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)*

Homebase for Wartime

Takatora gave his younger brother Iga-Ueno Castle as his branch castle, and set Tsu Castle as his home base. Tsu Castle was located in a plains area near the sea in Ise Province which was another territory of his. He said that Tsu Castle would be his home base for peacetime while Iga-Ueno Castle would be the other one for wartime. After that, the senior vassals of the Todo Clan governed the castle and Iga Province in the peacetime of the Edo Period. They lived in the official residence where Sadatsugu Tsutsui originally lived. The first Main Tower, which Sadatsugu built, also remained for a while, but it is thought to have collapsed due to another windstorm in 1633 as well.

The ruins of the official residence of Iga-Ueno Castle

The official residence area drawn in the Kanei Era of the Edo Period, exhibited by Iga-Ueno Castle

To be continued in “Iga-Ueno Castle Part2”

47.伊賀上野城　その１

大坂を守る拠点、攻める拠点となった城

立地と歴史

忍者の国から大坂を守る拠点に

伊賀上野城は、現在の三重県西部にあたる伊賀国にありました。伊賀はこの城よりも、恐らくは忍者の里としての方がよく知られているでしょう。実際、この城が1585年に築かれるまでは、この国は多くの小領主たちによって分割統治されていました。彼らは、自分たちを防御するために、特殊な知識や技能を身に着けていました。更には他の国の大きな戦国大名たちに雇われ、諜報員や特殊部隊として活動していました。それが現在忍者と呼ばれているのです。不幸にも、彼らは1581年に織田信長により征服されてしまいます。その後、信長の後継者、豊臣秀吉が天下統一を進めているとき、秀吉は筒井定次を伊賀の国主として送り込みました。

伊賀国の範囲と伊賀上野城の位置

筒井定次肖像画、義烈百人一首より、国文学研究資料館蔵 (*licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons*)

秀吉は大坂城を本拠地としてきました。そして、伊賀国は大坂から東日本に抜ける直線ルート上にありました。そのため、定次をそこに派遣し、1585年に伊賀上野城を築かせたのです。したがって、東方から敵が攻めてくるのをこの城で防ぐことが想定されていました。この城の東側には三重の天守がそびえていました。定次は、秀吉の死後、１７世紀初頭に徳川家康が最後の天下人になったときにも、何とか生き残っていました。ところが、彼は1608年に家臣が彼の失政を訴えたことにより、徳川幕府から改易されてしまいます。歴史家は、幕府は実際には、定次が幕府とまだ大坂城にいた豊臣氏両方にいい顔をしていたのを快く思わず、排除したかったのだろうと推測しています。

豊臣時代の大坂城天守、「大坂夏の陣図屏風」より、大阪城天守閣蔵 *(licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)*

豊臣秀吉肖像画、加納光信筆、高台寺蔵 (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)

藤堂高虎が大坂攻撃拠点として大改修

幕府は定次の後釜として、四国の今治城にいた藤堂高虎を伊賀国に移しました。高虎は、幕府の創設者、徳川家康に長く仕えている譜代大名ではありませんでした。しかし彼は、宇和島城、大洲城、今治城などを築いたことで築城の名手として知られていました。また、幕府が江戸城、名古屋城、京都の二条城など著名な城郭を築く際にも手助けをしていました。高虎は、これらのことで幕府の信頼を得ていました。幕府は高虎に対して、伊賀国の西方に位置する大坂城の豊臣氏に十分対抗できるだけの強力な城を築くよう期待したのです。高虎は、伊賀上野城を大改修することでこれに応えました。彼は、もし家康率いる幕府軍が大坂城で戦って敗れたとしても、家康を伊賀上野城に収容することさえ考えていました。

藤堂高虎肖像画、個人蔵 (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)

高虎は、丘の上にあり城の中心部であった本丸を、大坂城がある西の方角に向かって拡張しました。彼は、石垣造りの職人集団である穴太衆（あのうしゅう）を招き、当時としては日本一高い石垣を本丸西側に築きました。この石垣が完成したことについて、高虎の記録史料（「公室年譜略」）は、大坂城の石垣よりも立派なものだと称えています。また高虎は、高石垣の背後に五重の天守の建設を始めました。ところが、その天守は1612年の大風により倒壊してしまいます。二の丸は、丘の麓の南側に築かれ、武家屋敷地として使われました。そして東西部分それぞれに大規模な大手門がありました。城の建設は、1614年に幕府と豊臣氏の戦いが始まったとき（大坂冬の陣）にもまだ続いていました。しかし、1615年に幕府が豊臣氏を滅ぼした（大坂夏の陣）ことで中止となりました。

上野城下町絵図、個人蔵 *(licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)*

西大手門の古写真 *(licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)*

戦時のための居城

高虎は、伊賀上野城を支城として弟（藤堂高清）に与えたうえで、彼自身は津城を本拠地としました。津城は、伊勢国の海近くの平地に位置していました。伊勢も高虎の領地でした。彼は、津城を平時の居城とし、伊賀上野城は戦時のためのもう一つの居城としたのです。その後平和であった江戸時代には、藤堂家の重臣が伊賀上野城及び伊賀国を治め、筒井定次が元々いた場所にあった城代屋敷に居住していました。定次が築いた初代の天守はしばらくの間残っていたのですが、1633年の大風により、これもまた倒壊してしまったと考えられています。

「伊賀上野城その２」に続きます。

157.Hachimanyama Castle Part3

A dictator’s willful behavior is to be rewarded someday.

Features

Hidetsugu’s Residence Ruins at Foot

There are also the ruins of Hidetsugu’s residence at the foot of the mountain. If you are in the Barbican Enclosure, you can use the recently developed trail to go down to the ruins. Of course, you can also visit them from the city area. Hidetsugu’s residence was the elevated point of the warriors’ residential area. Its foundation, surrounded by huge stone walls, remains and looks so great. Some roof tiles covered with golden leaf were found at this site, which proved Hidetsugu lived there.

The map around the castle

The trail going down from the Barbican Enclosure

The stone walls, using huge stones, remained

Later History

The life of Hachimanyama Castle was only 10 years while its former castle town have been prospering as a commercial city for a long time. The castle ruins have become a popular tourist spot since the cable car was first launched in 1962. On the other hand, because of the mountain’s steep terrain, landslides sometime happen which could destroy the ruins such as in 1967. Omi-Hachiman City, which owns the ruins, preserves and researches them, preparing the development of the place as a historical site.

The remaining stone walls on the mountain

My Impression

Was Hidetsugu only a victim of the incident in 1595? I think no. Yoshimitsu Mogami, a great lord at Yamagata Castle, lost his daughter who just reach Kyoto to be Hidetsugu’s wife because of the execution. He was very angry and decided to leave the Toyotomi Clan. Many other nobles and lords, who communicated with Hidetsugu, asked Ieyasu Tokugawa (who would become the final ruler after Hideyoshi’s death) for help in order to avoid punishment. Hideyoshi’s willful behavior resulted in the destruction of his clan including his beloved son, Hideyori, in the summer campaign of the siege of Osaka, attacked by the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1615.

Yoshiaki Mogami from Battle of Hasedo Standing Screen (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)

The portrait of Hideyori Toyotomi, owned by Yogenin Temple (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)

The summer campaign of the siege of Osaka folding screens, owned by Osaka Castle Museum (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)

How to get There

If you want to visit the castle by car, it is about 30 minutes away from Gamo smart IC on the Meshin Expressway. There is a parking lot beside the cable car platform.
By public transportation, you can take the Omi-Tetsudo Bus bound for Chomeiji from JR Omi-Hachiman Station and get off at the Osugicho bus stop. It takes about 5 minutes to get there.
Or it may be a good idea to use a rental bicycle from the station.
To get to Omi-Hachiman Station from Tokyo: Take the Tokaido Shinkansen super express and transfer to the Biwako Line at Maibara Station or Kyoto Station.

The parking lot beside the cable car platform

That’s all. Thank you.
Back to “Hachimanyama Castle Part1”
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