立地と歴史～Location and History – ページ 31 – 日本200名城バイリンガル (Japan's top 200 castles and ruins)

57.Sasayama Castle Part1

One of the castles which were built to surround Osaka Castle

Location and History

Tanba, Important Province for Rulers

Sasayama Castle was located in modern day Tanba-Sasayama City, in Hyogo Prefecture. Hyogo is a large prefecture which covers the western part of the Kansai Region. However, the castle was located at that time in Tanba Province which is much smaller than Hyogo Prefecture but was located in mountain areas just behind the northwest of Kyoto, the previous capital of Japan. That meant governing Tanba Province was very important to protect Kyoto and monitor if the lords in western Japan would do something effective to the central political circles.

Leaflet, © OpenStreetMap contributors

The range of Tanba Province and the location of the castle

Castle construction is ordered by Shogunate

Ieyasu Tokugawa defeated Mitsunari Ishida supporting the Toyotomi Clan in the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 and established the Tokugawa Shogunate by becoming the shogun in 1603. However, the situation was still unstable because the Toyotomi Clan was still living in Osaka Castle, which was uncontrollable by the shogunate. In addition, there were many lords in western Japan, who were in favor of the Toyotomi Clan and might have been against the shogunate in the future. The response of Ieyasu to the situation was to build several strong castles around Osaka Castle to contain the Toyotomi Clan and divide the Toyotomi Clan and its favors. They are known as Nagoya, Iga-Ueno, Hikone, Zeze, Nijo in Kyoto, Kameyama and Sasayama Castles. These castles were built as the construction orders by the shogunate, which made lords including the Toyotomi Clan favors join at their own expenses. The side effects of the constructions were to reduce the lords’ money and force them to give up their rebellious split to be against the shogunate by showing the strong network of the castles.

The Portrait of Ieyasu Tokugawa, attributed to Tanyu Kano, owned by Osaka Castle Museum (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)

Leaflet, © OpenStreetMap contributors

The network of the castles around Osaka Castle, which Ieyasu built

The construction of Sasayama Castle launched in 1603, which was instructed by Terumasa Ikeda who was the lord of Himeji Castle, with the help of 20 lords from 15 provinces and was designed by Takatora Todo who was considered as a master of castle constructions. The castle was built on a hill called Sasayama, in the Sasayama Basin. The main portion of the castle was on the hill, using the natural terrain and building high stone walls over the hill. Other than that, the castle had simple flat square enclosures and double water moats surrounding it. That designs made it easier to build the castle, but it would made it weaker to protect the castle instead.

The Portrait of Terumasa Ikeda, owned by Tottori prefectural art museum (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)

The portrait of Takatora Todo, private owned (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)

The main portion of Sasayama Castle, from the miniature model of the castle, exhibited by the historical museum in the Large Study Hall of Sasayama Castle

The castle was surrounded by the double water moats, from the miniature model of the castle, same as above

Castle is designed by Takatora Todo

To prevent enemies from attacking it easily, Takatora designed the castle’s entrances to be strictly protected using the Masugata system. The Masugata refers to a defensive square space which was surrounded by gates and stone walls where enemies would be locked out. Another defensive system that Takatora designed was the Umadashi. It refers to a square enclosure sticking out from the entrance connected by a narrow path among the moat. The enclosure had another moat in front of it, so its entrances were at both sides where the defenders could counterattack from them. Takatora established these structures in his own Imabari Castle which was completed in 1604.

The Umadashi and Masugata systems at the Main Gate of Sasayama Castle, from the miniature model of the castle, same as above

The Masugata system of Imabari Castle, from the signboard at the site

Main Tower is not built

On the other hand, Sasayama Castle didn’t have its Main Tower in the Main Enclosure on the top. In fact, the stone wall base for the tower was built, however, the tower was not built. This was because the shogunate determined the castle would not need it as it would be enough to protect the castle without it. Another reason was that the lords working for the construction also needed to move to the another site for Nagoya Castle. That’s why Sasayama Castle was completed after only a half year of construction. Instead, several turrets were built in the Main Enclosure and the Main Hall for the lord was built in the Second Enclosure, which constituted the main portion of the castle.

The stone wall base for the Main Tower of Sasayama Castle

The Main Enclosure of Sasayama Castle, where its Main Tower was not built, from the miniature model of the castle, same as above

The Large Study Hall, the restored building of the Main Hall in the Second Enclosure of Sasayama Castle

The castle was first owned by Yasushige Matsudaira, a relative of Ieyasu Tokugawa. After the shogunate defeated the Toyotomi Clan in 1615, several hereditary feudal lords followed the castle to monitor non-hereditary feudal lords in western Japan as the Sasayama Domain, such as the Aoyama Clan which governed the area until the end of the Edo Period.

The portrait of Yasushige Matsudaira (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)

A general view of Sasayama Castle, from the signboard at the site

To be continued in “Sasayama Castle Part2”

57.篠山城　その１

大坂城包囲網構築のために築かれた城

立地と歴史

天下人にとって重要だった丹波国

篠山城は現在の兵庫県丹波篠山市にありました。兵庫県は大きな県で、関西地方の西側全体をカバーしてしまっているほどです。しかし篠山城は、当時は兵庫県よりずっと小さい丹波国に属していました。それでも丹波国は日本の以前の首都、京都の北西すぐ背後にある丘陵地帯の位置にあったのです。つまり、丹波を制することは、京都を守護することと、西日本の大名たちが中央政界に影響を及ぼす何らかの行動を起こしたか監視するために、とても重要だったのです。

Leaflet, © OpenStreetMap contributors

丹波国の範囲と城の位置

天下普請による築城

1600年の関ヶ原の戦いでは徳川家康が、豊臣氏を支持する石田三成を倒したことで、1603年に徳川幕府を設立し、征夷大将軍となりました。しかし、幕府の統制に従わない豊臣氏が大坂城に居座っていたことで、情勢はまだ不安定でした。更には、西日本には豊臣恩顧の大名がたくさんいて、将来幕府に反抗することも考えられました。こういった情勢に対する家康の策略は、大坂城の周辺に強力な城をいくつも築き、豊臣氏を封じ込めるとともに、豊臣氏と豊臣恩顧の大名を引き離すことでした。その城とは、名古屋城、伊賀上野城、彦根城、膳所城、京都の二条城、亀山城、そして篠山城です。これらの城塞群は幕府の命令に基づく天下普請により築かれ、豊臣恩顧の大名も自費によって動員されたのです。天下普請の間接的な目的としては、大名たちの財力を削ぐこと、そして強力な城のネットワークを見せつけることで、幕府に反抗しようとなどとは思わせないようにすることでした。

*徳川家康肖像画、加納探幽筆、大阪城天守閣蔵* (*licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons*)

Leaflet, © OpenStreetMap contributors

家康が築いた大坂城包囲網

篠山城の建設は1603年に始まり、姫路城主の池田輝政が総奉行を務め、１５ヶ国から２０もの大名が動員されました。城の縄張りは、築城の名手とされた藤堂高虎が担当しました。篠山城は、篠山盆地の篠山という名の丘陵に築かれました。城の主要部は丘上にあり、自然の地形を利用しつつ、高石垣がその丘を覆いました。それ以外には、シンプルな四角い曲輪群で構成され、二重の水堀に囲まれていました。こういった縄張りの城は、建設するのが容易である一方、城の防御が弱くなってしまうという懸念があります。

池田輝政肖像画、鳥取県立美術館蔵 (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)

*藤堂高虎肖像画、個人蔵 (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)*

藤堂高虎の縄張り

この城が敵に容易に攻撃されないよう、高虎は城の出入り口の防御を固めるため、「桝形」を採用しました。桝形とは、防御のための四角い空間で、門や石垣により囲み、敵が来てもここで足止めできるようになっていました。もう一つの高虎が採用した防御システムは「馬出し」でした。馬出しとは、城の入口から突き出した四角い曲輪で、堀に囲まれた細い通路によってのみつながっていました。その馬出し曲輪の前にも別の堀がありました。そのため、曲輪の出入り口は両側面にあり、そこから守備兵が反撃のために出撃できるようになっていました。高虎はこれらの仕掛けを、自分自身の城である今治城で確立していて、今治城も篠山城と同時期の1604年に完成しました。

天守は築かれず

こういった先進的な防御システムの一方、篠山城の本丸頂上には天守は築かれませんでした。実は、天守台石垣は築かれたのですが、天守自体は築かれなかったのです。その理由は、幕府がそういった決定を下したためで、天守がなくてもこの城は十分強力だと判断したとされています。他の理由としては、篠山城の建設工事に従事していた大名たちが、名古屋場建設の方に移らなければならなかったという事情もありました。そのため、篠山城はわずか１年半ほどの工事期間で完成しました。本丸には天守の代わりに櫓群が築かれ、二の丸には城主のための御殿が築かれ、城の主要部として機能しました。

この城の最初の城主は、徳川家康の親族とされた（松井）松平康重でした。1615年に幕府が豊臣氏を滅ぼした後は、江戸時代末期まで城主だった青山氏など、いくつもの譜代大名が入れ替わりで城主となり、篠山藩として西日本の外様大名の監視に当たりました。

松平康重肖像画 *(licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)*

「篠山城その２」に続きます。

197.Shibushi Castle part1

A castle on the Shirasu Plateau, built near an important port

Location and History

Shibushi has been Important Port

Shibushi City, which is located in the eastern part of Kagoshima Prefecture, may have kind of a unique name even in Japanese. This is because when you say the city’s name in Japanese, you will say “SHI-BU-SHI-SHI(city)” which may be difficult to pronounce. This phrase is sometimes used as an example of a Japanese tongue twister like “Shibushi-shi, Shibushi-cho, Shibushi, no, Shibushi-shiyakusho, no, Shibushi-shisho” which means “The Shibushi branch office of the Shibushi city hall, Shibushi, Shibushi Town, Shibushi City”. If you want to understand why it’s called “Shibushi”, you can find it refers to “Present, Cloth and Present” in Japanese. It is said to originate from the legend of the ancient Emperor Tenchi visiting. He was presented cloths from both upper-class and lower-class people, he was very pleased and came up with the name. We are uncertain if the legends are true but the land does have a long history.

The range of Shibushi City and the location of the castle

The signboard of the Shibushi branch office of the Shibushi city hall at the site *(licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)*

Another feature of the city is Shibushi Port which is designated as a Major Port and a Core International Port. If you go around the port area, you can see huge amount of containers and wood, and some ferries such as Sunflower. The port has actually been prospering since the end of the Ancient Times when some manors in the southern Kyushu Region were developed. International trading was also done during the Middle Ages, which made lords around the area rich. That’s why they wanted to possess the area and they often battled each other over it. Shibushi Castle was a mountain castle for the base to govern the area.

One of Southern Kyushu type Castles

Shibushi Castle also had an important feature as one of the Southern Kyushu type castles which were built on the Shirasu Plateau looking like a mountain or hill in the area. The plateau has been made from volcanic ash caused by ancient eruptions. Its soil is fragile and can easily collapse to form cliffs. Warriors in the area often used this to build their castles because it was easy for them to process natural terrain for strong defensive systems such as deep moats and high walls. Some popular examples of that type castles were Chiran, Sadowara, Obi and Shibushi.

Leaflet|国土地理院

The relief map around the castle

For example, if you are in Shibushi Port and look back at the inland area, you will see the long lying cliffs set back from the coastline. The lords in Shibushi built their castles one by one using that natural terrain. In fact, Shibushi Castle is the generic name of four local castles, Uchijo, Matsuojo, Takajo, and Shinjo. It is said that the Nirei Clan first built Matsuojo in the 14th Century, followed by Uchijo, used as the Hatakeyama and the Niro Clan’s home base in the 16th Century. By then, Takajo and Shinjo were also built as outer compounds for the other two castles. The lord of Shibushi Castle changed again and again to the Kimotsuki Clan and finally the Shimazu Clan. This was because the area around the castle was attractive so it became a battle field between great warlords, the Ito Clan in the north and the Shimazu Clan in the south. Some lords of the castle changed loyalty between the two great lords.

A view of the long lying cliffs of the Shirasu Plateau from Shibushi Port

The aerial photo of the local four castle in Shibushi Castle, from the signboard at the site (adding the red Englich letters)

Strong Defense system using Shirasu Plateau

At the peak of the castle, the main Uchijo had a very complex defensive system. The original Shirasu plateau was cut by three dry moat lines lengthwise and five dry moat lines crosswise. The remaining parts of the plateau became enclosures independently, surrounded by earthen walls and fences. These enclosures had turrets, barracks and residences to maintain and protect the castle. If visitors or enemies wanted to enter the enclosures, they needed to go from the bottom of the moat and pass the defensive gateway of the enclosure. Enemies at the bottom would be attacked from far above by defenders at the enclosures.

The miniature model of Uchijo, exhibited by Shibushi City Center for Archaeological operations

the part of the Main Enclosure from the miniature model above

The lords of the castle usually lived in the residence at the foot and used the castle in the cases of emergency such as a battle. However, the excavation team found in the castle ruins, expensive trading items from overseas such as Ceramic ware as well as daily necessities like domestic pottery, coins, and bullets. These items show that the castle was used for a long time and involved with Shibushi Port where the international trading was done. The castle was finally abandoned by the last owner, the Shimazu Clan due to the Law of One Castle per Province, issued by the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1615.

The ruins of Shibushi Castle (the Main Enclosure)

To be continued in “Shibushi Castle Part2”