関東地方～Kanto Region – ページ 2 – 日本200名城バイリンガル (Japan's top 200 castles and ruins)

116.沼田城　その１

沼田城があった地域は、地理の教科書的にも、典型的な河岸段丘の地形として知られています。沼田市街地がある台地は、北は薄根川、西は利根川、南は片品川が作った谷に囲まれ、東側に開けています。城と城下町はその台地上にありました。

立地と歴史

沼田城と天空の城下町の始まり

沼田城があった地域は、地理の教科書的にも、典型的な河岸段丘の地形として知られています。沼田市街地がある台地は、北は薄根川、西は利根川、南は片品川が作った谷に囲まれ、東側に開けています。城と城下町（現在の市街地）はその台地上にありましたが、地名の元となった「渭田郷（ぬまたごう）」は西側の利根川沿いにありました。その周辺に「荘田沼」というのがあって、それが大元なのかもしれません。室町時代には、その地名を名字とした地元領主の沼田氏が、その沼の近くの荘田城を本拠地にしていたと考えられています。やがて戦国時代にさしかかり、戦乱の世の中になってくると、沼田氏は、小沢城（１４０５年）、幕岩城（１５１９年）と、段丘上に拠点を移していきました。そして１５３２年（天文元年）に、当時の当主・沼田顕泰が、現在の沼田城の地に、倉内城を築いたと伝わっています。つまり、沼田氏の移転とともに「沼田」という地名の範囲が広がったようなのです。顕泰は、城下町も台地上に作りました。（「材木町」「本町」「鍛冶町」がこのとき形成されたいう記録あり）当時、城は山上、城下町は山麓というパターンが多かったので、珍しかったかもしれません。しかし、台地の端で水が不足していたため、１５キロメートル以上先の台地の東側から白沢（しらさわ）用水（市街地では城堀川、じょうぼりがわ）が引かれました。これが沼田城と「天空の城下町」の始まりです。

次に関東地方という視点で見てみると、沼田は北関東において、南北と東西の街道が交わる地点でした。有力な戦国大名が台頭してくると、交通の要衝にあり、要害である沼田城は、彼らにとって是非とも手に入れたい拠点になったのです。やがて、沼田氏一族内で、関東管領・上杉氏につくか、北条氏につくかを巡って内紛が起こりました。１６世紀中頃、上杉氏を関東から追い出した北条氏は、内紛に乗じて沼田城を乗っ取りました。（当主の沼田顕泰は、上杉氏とともに越後に逃れたと考えられています。）そして、一族の者を「沼田康元」として沼田城主としました。康元は、北条綱成次男・孫四郎のこととされています（下記補足１）。

（補足１）
康元ハ氏康ノ舎弟玄庵ト申人也、此山城ハ泰拠也、安越ハ綱重（綱成）事也
（年次不詳　北条康元書状写　追而書、沼田市史より）

上杉謙信と真田昌幸の登場

沼田を巡る状況は、１５６０年（永禄３年）に大きく変わります。越後の長尾景虎、つまり上杉謙信が、関東管領を中心とした秩序回復を掲げ「越山」と呼ばれる関東地方侵攻を開始したのです。謙信は生涯で１７回も越山を行いましたが、もっとも大規模でインパクトがあったのが、この年だったのです（２回目）。国境の三国峠を越え、９月に沼田城を確保、さらに厩橋城（前橋城）を関東経営の拠点にします。その後、謙信越山時には、関東の出入口として、毎回往復していて、謙信の関東不在時にも、厩橋城などからの連絡ルートとして機能しました。そのため、城主として、謙信の信頼する・河田長親が置かれました。厩橋城が一時、北条方のものになったとき謙信は、沼田を失えば「天下の嘲り」であると言っています。

沼田顕泰は「越山」とともに「沼田衆」の筆頭として復活したと考えられますが、沼田城主にはなれませんでした。地元領主の城ではなくなっていたのです。１５６１年（永禄４年）伊香保温泉に湯治に行った謙信が、そのとき恐らく老齢で「万喜斎（ばんきさい）」と名乗っていた顕泰に、酒肴を受け取った礼状を送っています（下記補足２）。
これが彼に関する最後の記録です。

（補足２）
就湯治為音問檜肴給之候、賞翫無他事候、養性相当候間、近日可出湯間、恐々謹言
　四月十六日　政虎
沼田入道殿
（上杉政虎書状写　東大日本史学研究室）

*上杉謙信肖像画、上杉神社蔵 (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)*

ところが、謙信が亡くなると（１５７８年）跡継ぎを巡る内乱が起こり（御館の乱）、その最中に北条が再び沼田城を手にします。そのとき現れたのが、武田勝頼の家臣・真田昌幸でした。謙信の後継となった景勝が、武田と同盟し、その代償で東上野（沼田含む）を武田領と認めたのです。１５７９年、昌幸は城主だった藤田信吉を調略し、沼田城を占拠しました（下記補足３）。１５８１年には、旧領回復を狙って攻めてきた沼田顕泰の遺児・平八郎を、謀略で返り討ちにしています。

（補足３）
沼田出勢のみぎり、最前に当家に属され候の条、倉内城本意、誠に忠節比類なく候・・・
（天正８年１２月９日　藤田信吉宛武田勝頼所領宛行状）

*真田昌幸像、個人蔵 (licensed under Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons)*

そして、主君の武田氏が滅亡し、滅亡させた織田信長までが本能寺の変で討たれると、独立大名を志向して動きました。その核となったのが本拠地の上田城と、沼田城でした。昌幸は、北条〜徳川〜上杉と、有利な条件を求めて、主君を何度も変えています。上杉へ鞍替えしたのは、徳川が北条に、沼田を含む上野国の領有権を認めたからでした。そのために、１５８５年には、徳川軍から上田城を攻められましたが、撃退に成功しました（第一次上田合戦）。それと並行して、北条軍から沼田城を攻められますが、昌幸の叔父・矢沢頼綱が防ぎました。

その後、豊臣秀吉に臣従し、一旦は沼田城を北条氏に引き渡しますが、名胡桃城事件をきっかけとした小田原合戦（１５９０年）で北条氏が滅び、また真田の下に戻ってきました。

真田氏による沼田の発展

小田原合戦後、関東地方は徳川家康の領地となりました。沼田城には、昌幸の長男・信之が入り、家康の配下と言う形になりました。併せて、昌幸が本拠としていた上田に対しても、その支藩というような位置付けでした。この２つに区分された領地が、沼田藩・上田藩の基になります。沼田については、信之以後、５代９１年の真田氏の支配が続きます。また、正之は、家康の重臣、本多忠勝の娘・小松姫を妻としていました（家康の養女であっととも言われています）。このことが、関ヶ原の戦いのときに、信之が東軍、昌幸（＋信繁）が西軍に分かれたときに、混乱なく対応できたことにつながります。なお、そのとき昌幸が沼田城を乗っ取ろうとしたが、城を預かった小松姫が決して入城させなかった逸話がありますが、実際には小松姫は当時大坂にいたようです。関ヶ原後は、信之が上田藩も引き継ぎました。

*真田信之肖像画、個人蔵 (licensed under Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons)*

信之は、沼田に入ってから、城の整備を進めました。城は当初、台地の隅の「捨曲輪」「古城」と呼ばれた場所にありましたが、拡張されていて、１５８６年（天正１４年）には二の丸・三の丸が整備されたと伝わっています。信之時代の１５９６年（慶長元年）には天守の普請が始まり、翌年に完成しました（「月夜野町後閑区有文書」、時期には異説あり）。この天守の姿は、後に沼田藩が幕府に提出した絵図（「上野国沼田城絵図」）に描かれています。四階に見えますが、下に屋根があるので、五重の天守だったことが確実視されています。関東地方には、他には江戸城にしか五重の天守はありませんでした。真田氏はそれが許されるような存在だったのです。

藩政としては、信之の時代は、戦乱や飢饉で荒廃していた領内を復興することを優先しました。例えば、逃散した農民が戻ってきた場合に、未納年貢を免除したり、借金を肩代わりしています（下記補足４）

（補足４）政所村（月夜野町）の百姓が欠落し、あるいは身売りしたため、田地がことごとく荒れてしまったので、借金を返済して身売り百姓を召し返すように（慶長１９年７月　出浦対馬守・大熊助右衛門に対する信之指示、訳は「沼田市史」より）

信之は大坂の陣後の１６１６年（元和２年）、上田に移り（１６２２年には松代に転封）、沼田藩は長男の信吉に任せました（沼田藩２代目、～１６３５年・寛永１１年）。信吉の時代に、沼田の城下町・用水・新田・街道・産業の開発が本格化します。例えば、城下町では坊田新町を開き（１６１６年、元和２年）、人口増に伴い再び水不足となったので川場用水を開削したり、新田開発者には一定期間年貢を免除したりしました。当時、城下に時刻を知らせてた時の鐘が残っています。

信吉の子・熊之助（沼田藩３代目、～１６３８年・寛永１５年）は、幼少で亡くなってしまったので、信之の次男である信政（沼田藩４代目、～１６５６年・明暦２年）が跡を継ぎました。信政は後に「開発狂」と称されるほど、領内の開発を促進しました。この時代に開発された代表的な用水や町が「信政の七用水」「真田の八宿」と呼ばれています。沼田藩の公式の石高（表高）は３万石でしたが、信政の時代に内輪の検地をおこなったところ（内高）、４万２千石に増加していました。

*真田信政肖像画、真田宝物館蔵 (licensed under Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons)*

沼田藩真田氏の改易

１６５６年（明暦２年）、信之の隠居に伴い、信政は松代に移っていきました（松代藩２代目）。そして、沼田藩を継いだのが信吉の次男・信利でした（沼田藩５代目、～１６８１年・天和元年）。その後、松代の信政が亡くなると（１６５８年・万治元年）、真田本家の跡継ぎをめぐって、信利と、信政の子・右衛門（幸道）との間で争いとなりました。幕府の裁定にまで持ち込まれ、松代藩は右衛門、沼田藩は信利と決定しました。そして間もなく信之も亡くなり、両藩は完全に独立した藩同士になりました。

信利の治世にはこれまで、よい評判はありませんでした。松代藩への対抗心をあらわにし、石高を松代より多い14万石と称し、豪華な藩邸を建て、贅沢な暮らしをしたというものです。また、費用を捻出するために、年貢を重くし、あらゆるものから税金を取り立てたとのことです。そしてついに、義民、杉木茂左衛門の命をかけた訴えが元で、改易になったというストーリーが知られています。しかし、残念ながら茂左衛門の存在は当時の史料では確認されておらず、知られているストーリーも明治時代に広まったのです。それでは、信利の改易の実態はどうだったのでしょうか。

沼田藩は、信利にとって厳しい状況でした。沼田藩は山間地であるため収穫が不安定で、以前は松代藩の援助を受けていたのです。また、かつて沼田の地を確保するため、地元領主を優遇していて、彼らは高禄の家臣になり、その領地には藩主の支配が及んでいませんでした。その合計石高は藩の表高を越えるほどでした。開発を急いでいたのは、こういう事情もあったのです。

信利はこの状況に対応するため、前代にも増して用水、新田の開発に力を注ぎました。件数では歴代最多です。また、領民の心の拠り所となりうる寺社も多く創建しました。多すぎる地元出身の高禄家臣に対しては、リストラを敢行し、支出を減らしました。そして、開発した田畑を確かめるため、藩で初めて徹底的な検地を行いました。地元領主の力が強かったときにはできなかったことです。

しかし、この検地の結果は、開発が進んだとはいえ、総石高が14万4千石という驚くべきものでした。実は単位あたりの田畑収穫高を実態より過剰に見積っていたのです。よって、農民は重税に苦しむことになりました。また、1680年（延宝８年）には大雨と洪水の被害が発生し更に困窮しました。そして、この大雨により江戸の両国橋まで破損したことが（下記補足５）、信利の命取りにつながるのです（両国橋用材請負失敗）。

（補足５）昨夜大雨風やまず、昼より黄蝶数知らず群がり飛んで、夜に及んで散ぜず。また南風激しく、城中諸門の瓦を落とし壁を落とす。まして武家、商屋傾覆すること数知らず。地が震え海が鳴ること甚し。芝浦のあたりより高潮押し上げ、深川永代、両国辺り水涯の邸宅、民屋ことごとく破損し、溺死の者多し（徳川実紀　延宝８年閏８月６日条）

この両国橋再建の幕府入札で、江戸の材木商（大和屋久右衛門）が格安で落札しました（相場１万５千～２万両のところ、９５００両）。その商人は、沼田の近場の山から簡単に調達できると考え、沼田藩に話を持ち掛けました。信利は安易にその話に乗ってしまったのです。財政の足しになると思ったのでしょうか。用材は近場どころか山奥でも調達できず、納期の翌年１０月に間に合いませんでした。その調達のために、領民が大量動員され（延べ約１７万人）、更に困窮しました。その結果、信利は１６８１年、天和元年１１月、幕府から改易を言い渡されたのです。

幕府の公式記録（徳川実紀）によると、信利改易の理由は以下の通りです（下記補足６）。
・両国橋の用材の遅延
・日ごろの身の行いが正しくないこと
・家人・領民を苦役したこと
２、３番目は、処分の場合の常套句だそうですが、信利の場合は、リストラされた家臣や、酷使された農民たちからの影響があったかもしれません。当時の将軍は徳川綱吉で、将軍独裁の風がまだ残っていて、その治世で４０人以上が改易・減封になっています（赤穂事件などもその一つ）。信利は、改革を急ぎすぎて失敗し、幕府にその隙を突かれることになったのかもしれません。沼田は幕府領となり、そのとき関東で唯一だった五重天守を含め、沼田城は、翌年１月、わずか１０日間で破壊され、埋められてしまいました。

（補足６）上野国沼田城主・真田伊賀守信利の所領三万石没入せられ、出羽山形に配流し、奥平小次郎昌章に召し預けらる。これは、両国橋構架を助役し、おのが封地より橋材を採りけるが、ことのほか遅緩せしのみならず、日頃身の行い正しからず、家人、領民を苦使する聞えあるをもてなり（徳川実紀　天和元年１１月２２日条）

徳川綱吉肖像画、土佐光起筆、徳川美術館蔵 (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)

その後

沼田地域は、幕府代官の努力で復興に向かい、再び沼田藩として、本多氏、黒田氏、土岐氏に受け継がれました。ただ、城としては小規模に再興されただけでした。現在は、本丸周辺が沼田公園として整備されています。

「沼田城その２」に続きます。

今回の内容を趣向を変えて、Youtube にも投稿しました。よろしかったらご覧ください。

20.Sakura Castle Part2

If you are at JR Sakura Station, the place, where the castle ruins are located, it may looks simple at first. However, if you go there by walking up on the slopes, you will be surprised to see the spacious area on the top. Visitors coming from other places may feel the same way, too.

Features

Introduction

If you are at JR Sakura Station, the place, where the castle ruins are located, it may look simple at first. However, if you go there by walking up on the slopes, you will be surprised to see the spacious area on the top. Visitors coming from other places may feel the same way, too.

The hill area, seen from JR Sakura Station

One of the slopes from the station to the hill, called “Yakushizaka”

From Main Gate to Main Enclosure

Let us go from the ruins of the main gate to the center of the castle. Unfortunately, only a part of the earthen walls remains today.

The old photo of the gate, from the signboard at the site

There were some large enclosures inside the gate, such as Higashi-so-kuruwa. They were turned into schools, parking lots, and a square. There is also Sakura Castle Park control center in front of the square, which shows some exhibitions of the castle. The square had the main hall for the lord and another one for the retirement residence of Masayoshi Hotta at the end of the Edo Period.

You will eventually reach the center of the castle, which has been turned into Sakura Castle Park. You will first see the remaining large dry moat. It looks beautiful, covered in grass, however, it must have been deeper and more fortified in the past.

You will next reach the ruins of the third gate, which was the first gate towards the center. The third enclosure is inside of the gate, and it was the residential area for the senior vassals in the past. You will find a mini crater in the enclosure. This is the trace of another dry moat, which has been filled. If you go further, you will see the statues of Townsend Harris and Masayoshi Hotta who tried to open Japan to the rest of the world.

The ruins of the third gate, The sign board will show you how the original enclosure would have looked like the past

The old photo of the gate, from the sign board at the site, The gate on the left leads to the resident of one of the senior vassals

The statues of Townsend Harris on the left and Masayoshi Hotta on the right

Then, you will reach the ruins of the second gate, the entrance of the second enclosure. The enclosure had had the first main hall for the lord before the one outside the third enclosure was built. There were also the rice warehouses in the back of the enclosure. You can still see its stone foundations there, too.

You will eventually reach the main enclosure after going across the dry moat of the enclosure. there are the ruins of the first gate.

The ruins of the first gate behind the earthen bridge over the moat

The old photo of the gate, from the sign board at the site, Notice the people standing in front of the gate. They are the generals

Climbing down from Main Enclosure

The main enclosure is all surrounded by earthen walls, so you may feel like you are being wrapped up. This area is the western edge of the plateau. There was the other main hall inside, however, it was rarely used just for ceremonies. This was because it was considered exclusive for the shoguns.

The miniature model of the main enclosure, exhibited by the Sakura Castle Park control center

You can walk on the earthen walls around the enclosure. If you walk from the first gate ruins on the earthen walls, you will pass by the ruins of Do-yagura (the copper turret). The turret had a mysterious tradition. It says that the turret was originally built by Dokan Ota, the founder of Edo Castle, called “Shoyoken”, and moved from the castle. However, we cannot confirm whether or not the turret was moved from Edo Castle. However, if it had remained, it would have become a National Treasure of Japan.

The old photo of the turret, from the signboard at the site, as you can see, carpenters were removing the roof tiles partially

The miniature model of the turret, exhibited by the Sakura Castle Park control center

If you go further, you will eventually reach the earthen base of the main tower.
The tower was directly built on the base and its outside walls leaned on the earthen walls of the enclosure. That was why people saw the tower three-leveled from the outside but four-leveled from the inside. The tower was used as the warehouse for weapons. It was unfortunately burned down after a thief robbed it of guns and left his lantern there.

The miniature model of the tower, exhibited by the Sakura Castle Park control center

There are the other ruins of the corner turret in the enclosure. The turret also has the tradition which says it originally came from Motosakura Castle. That may have been the reason why it deteriorated sooner than the others and was renovated during the Edo Period.

Let us next get out of the enclosure through the ruins of the back gate and climb down the slopes of the plateau. The slopes are steep which made the castle fortified. You will eventually see some trails on the mid slopes, which are the belt enclosures of the castle. The enclosures were said to have originally been dry moats and were changed to the trails by being filled naturally. If you look up the main enclosure, you will realize it is protected by the natural terrain even though it doesn’t have stone walls.

The miniature model of the gate, exhibited by the Sakura Castle Park control center

Climbing down the slopes of the plateau, please be careful when climbing down because it’s very steep

You will eventually arrive at the foot of the plateau and see the southern barbican enclosure. If you go around the enclosure, you will see it is still surrounded by water moats. It looks very defensive and cool! If you enter the enclosure as well, you will see the outside which you walked around on.

*The exterior of the southern barbican enclosure*

The inside of the southern barbican enclosure

The view from the inside of the enclosure

I recommend you to go back to the belt enclosure and walk on it to the other western barbican enclosure. The enclosure still has its earthen walls and water moats in good conditions. There is the only remaining building at its entrance, called Yakui-mon gate. However, No one knows for certain its original name and position, because it was moved multiple times from the current position that it is in now.

Looking at Umadashi system and Dry Moats

If you don’t mind, it may be better to walk around the plateau to another entrance from the north to the castle. It was called Tamachi-mon which was the back gate of the castle, on Atago slope. It is now the front gate of the National Museum of Japanese History. A large enclosure of the castle, called Shinoki-kuruwa has become the museum. The enclosure was originally used as Samurai residences and was turned into barracks for the Japanese Imperial Army before the museum. It has been used effectively because it is massive.

The miniature model of Shinoki Enclosure when it was used as the barracks for the Japanese Imperial Aemy, exhibited by the National Museum of Japanese History

The floor space of the museum is about 35,000 square meters big. It exhibits the Japanese histories by classifying 5 different periods. If you want to look through all of them, you may have to spend all day long. It may be better to split up your visits to fully see everything.

The entrance of the National Museum of Japanese History

The miniature model of Taga Castle, an ancient castle in the Tohoku Region, exhibited by the National Museum of Japanese History

The miniature model of the hall of the Asakura Clan in Ichijodani Castle, exhibited by the National Museum of Japanese History

Going back to the attractions of the castle, the Umadashi system has been restored near the museum. The system was a fortified square position in front of Shinoki Gate, which was surrounded by dry moats. The long side of the square is 121m long and the short side is 40m long, same as the original. The dry moats were originally 5.6m in depth but is only 3m in depth probably for safety reasons. The system is only connected by a narrow path to the gate. It was once filled by the Japanese Imperial Army before its restoration.

The Umadashi system in front of the Shinoki Gate Ruins

The Shinoki Gate Ruins have no buildings now, and its inside is the third enclosure. So, you can visit the second and main enclosures again. However, let us go to another place by walking down from the plateau again. It is a pond, called Uba-ga-ike, which means “The Pond of a Nursing Mother”. The name comes from a sad and unfortunate story. It says that one day, a nursing mother took the daughter of a senior vassal to the pond. However, she didn’t keep her eyes on the daughter, which lead to the daughter drowning in the pond She felt very sad and guilty about it, so, she decided to throw herself into the pond as well. For the castle, this pond divided the main gate and the back gate sides to force the defenders protect the castle quickly. It also became famous for Japanese iris and croaking sounds of frogs during the peaceful Edo Period.

The Uba-ga-ike Pond, Since the pond is covered in lotus leaves, it’s hard to see how deep it truly is

You can go back from the pond to the main gate ruins by passing through a path which was another dry moat. The path has a fork which still looks like the dry moat. If you go straight, you will eventually reach the entrance of the park near the gate ruins.

The former dry moat, which is used as the path, the fork on the right, which is the dry moat today, the fork on the left which leads to the main entrance

The fork on the right remains as a dry moat

Visiting Samurai Residences and Sakura Juntendo Memorial Building

Atter visiting the castle ruins, let us go to Sakura Samurai Residences. The residence area is in Miyakoji of Sakura City, which originally had middle-class warriors’ residences. However, the current area exhibits three different residences: one of the remaining one for middle class warriors, another one form high-class warriors and finally, the other one form low-class warriors. The last two residential areas were moved from other areas, making it accessible to the public for viewing.

Sakura Samurai Residences Street, Notice the samurai residential homes on the right

These residences were owned and maintained by the Sakura Domain like official residences. They were made differently by each warrior’s class. That was because of the class system as well as the budgetary restrictions of the domain. For example, the entrance of the high-class residence looks high in quality, but the others are simpler. The walls of the high class’s one used white plasters, while the others only used brown mud walls. The high and middle class’s ones used fine Tatami mats in their rooms, however the low class can only use simple mats without the edge decorations.

The low-class residence (its roof has been replaced with a modern style)

You should also try to walk along Hiyodori-zaka Slope near the residences, which was the commuting route to the castle. The route goes down on a trail, surrounded by bamboo trees, which looks exactly same as it used to.

We will finally go to Sakura Juntendo Memorial Building. It was originally built by Taizen Sato as his Rangaku (Dutch studies) school and clinic. Part of it opens to the public as a museum. The museum is about 2km away from the main gate ruins of the castle and was at the edge of the castle town. This is probably because Taizen was not an official doctor of the domain. A guide of the museum suggested to me another speculation. Taizen’s father was an agent in lawsuits who was against the policies of Tadakuni Mizuno, the top of the government. Therefore, Taizen might have had difficulties in his work in Edo City. He might also have been accommodated by Masayoshi Hotta. If it’s true, Sakura Juntendo was also like a place of refuge.

One of the exhibitions of the museum is the miniature model of the original buildings. You can see the buildings were so large. It is said that over one thousand students were there in total.

Another interesting exhibition is the original medical board which is hung on the top of the wall. The clinic mainly offered surgeries. However, the doctors didn’t use anesthesia because it was still dangerous at that time. Therefore, patients endured the pain because they wanted to get well after that.

The original medical menu, Notice the price of each procedures on the bottom of the medical board

The clinic is the origin of Juntendo University in Tokyo, one of Taizen’s successors who founded it. However, there is still the current Sakura Juntendo Clinic next to the museum. The spirits of Sakura are alive.

The plaque of Juntendo, It’s written in Chinese Characters (Kanji)

My Impression

Honestly, at first, I thought the castle park looked like a natural park. However, the more I looked around, the more my impressions changed. Currently it’s trendy for cities to revive castles across Japan. I think Sakura City does not need to ride the boom. This is because the city has already preserved the land of the castle as the park. The city can take enough time and be patient when developing it further. The important thing is preserving it as accurate as possible. In addition, you can still enjoy the castle ruins even without its visible buildings. So I highly recmmend you visit Sakura Catle in the future!

That’s all. Thank you.

Back to “Sakura Castle Part1”

20.Sakura Castle Part1

Sakura Castle was located at the current Sakkura City of Chiba Prefecture. The castle was built as the home of the Sakura Domain during the Edo Period, which is the origin of the city. The areas around the city had many other castles until the Sengoku Period and some of which were very important.

Location and History

Sakura Castle was located at the current Sakura City of Chiba Prefecture. The castle was built as the home of the Sakura Domain during the Edo Period, which is the origin of the city. The areas around the city had many other castles until the Sengoku Period and some of which were very important. For example, there was Usui Castle in the western part of the city, where the battle of Usui Castle happened back in 1566. Kenshin Uesugi, who tried to rule the whole Kanto Region, attacked the castle but failed. There was also Motosakura Castle in the eastern part, which was the home of the Chiba Clan. Usui Castle was a branch of the clan. Cuttently, this castle is called “Motosakura” but back then, it was called “Sakura Castle”. So therefore, Sakura Castle was the former name of Motosakura Castle. This article will explain the formative years of Sakura Castle including the formation of Motosakura Castle, which should make it easier for people to better understand the history.

The ruins of Usui Castle, Notice the wooden log steps covered in soil

The ruins of Motosakura Castle, Notice the icon on the wooden shields. This is the family crest of the Chiba Clan

Formative Years of Sakura Castle

The Chiba Clan had owned Shimosa Province, which was the northern part of Chiba Prefecture, since the end of the ancient times. The most famous person of the clan would be Tsunetane Chiba who supported the launch of the Kamakura Shogunate at the end of the 12th Century. Their home, Inohana Castle, was located at the current Chiba City for a long time. However, the castle was destroyed when many battles occurred in the 15th Century during the Sengoku Period. The clan decided to rebuild their new home in another location, which would be called Motosakura Castle. The castle was on the Shimosa plateau and was surrounded by Inbanuma Lake and other waterlogged areas. Its location was much more fortified than before and more convenient for water transportation. The lake was also much larger than now, where people could easily access Kasumigaura Lake and other great rivers. The wide water area was even called Katori-no-umi, which means the Katori inland sea.

The statue of Tsunetane Chiba, exhibited by Chiba City Folk Museum

The whole map of Motosakura Castle, from the signboard at the site

The situation changed during the 16th Century. The Hojo Clan was invading the Kanto Region from the west. On the other hand, the Satomi Clan also got the power from the south (Boso peninsula). The Chiba Clan wondered what to do and they eventually allied with the Hojo Clan. That’s why Kenshin Uesugi, who would help the Satomi Clan, decided to attack Usui Castle, a branch of the Chiba Clan. The victory of the clan was partially due to the Hojo Clan’s help. As a result, the Hojo became more effective to the Chiba Clan. As for the home of the clan, Chikatane Chiba, who was the lord of the clan before the battle, originally planned to move his home from Motosakura to another. The new land for his new home later became Sakura Castle, which was called Kashima Castle then. Mysteriously, he died in 1533, which ultimately canceled his plans of moving the castle.

The location of the castle, Notice the smaller Inbanuma Lake on the left next to Usui Castle. This important river used to span much larger that what the current map is showing. It used to be part of a much larger body of water.

The portrait of Kenshin Uesugi, owned by the Uesugi Shrine (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)

The portrait of Chikatane Chiba, owned by the Kubo Shrine (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)

The Hojo Clan interfered in the internal affairs of the Chiba Clan at the end of the 16th Century. For instance, Ujimasa Hojo married his daughter to Kunitane Chiba, the lord of the clan. The Hojo Clan allowed Kunitane to resume the construction of Kashima Castle but failed to do so because the lord was killed again. Ujimasa next married his son to Kunitane’s daughter, in order to be the successor of the clan. It was said that Kashima Castle was finally finished for the new home of the couple.

The portrait of Ujimasa Hojo, owned by Odawara Castle (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)

However, it is difficult to confirm whether these records are the factual, as Sakura Castle was built on the old Kashima Castle. The few discovered old dry moats at the site proved that they were at least trying to build the castle there. So, why did the Chiba and Hojo Clans want to move there again and again? One of the reasons would be that the land for the new castle was much larger than the old one. For the Hojo Clan, another possible reason may have been to protect their territories from the potential invasions by Hideyoshi Toyotomi from the west. The plateau, where the new castle was built on, had steep slopes and was surrounded by rivers towards the direction. That would have had a very defensive fort against the invasion. However, the Chiba Clan was eventually fired by Hideyoshi, after their master, the Hojo Clan was defeated at the battle of Odawara Castle in 1590.

Toshikatsu Doi builds Sakura Castle

After the Battle of Odawara Castle, several lords were assigned one after another by Ieyasu Tokugawa who was the founder of the Tokugawa Shogunate. In 1610, Ieyasu ordered his retainer, Toshikatsu Doi to stay in Motosakura Castle and to build a new home at the former location of Kashima Castle, which would eventually be called, Sakura Castle. The new castle was supposed to support Edo Castle, the home of the shogunate. If Edo Castle was attacked by enemies from the west, the shogun could escape from his home to Sakura Castle towards the east. Sakura Castlewas situated in a great location that had very strong natural defense.

The portrait of Toshikatsu Doi, owned by Jojoji Temple (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)

Toshikatsu served three generations of the shoguns: Ieyasu, Hidetada, and Iemitsu. He was one of the most important senior vassals for them and established the system of the government. He was born in 1573 when Ieyasu was only a warlord during the Seongoku Period. There are some theories about who his father was.
The first one is that Toshimasa Doi was his father, according to the official family trees by the shogunate.
The second one claims that he was a son of Nobumoto Mizuno who was a brother of Odai, Ieyasu’s mother, according to the official history books of the shogunate. Odai originally came from the Mizuno Clan.
The last theory is the most surprising theory, it was said that Toshikatsu was an illegitimate son of Ieyasu, according to the official trees of the Doi Clan.
Each theory has substantial evidence, however only one theory can be true. Why were there different theories?

The Portrait of Ieyasu Tokugawa, attributed to Tanyu Kano, owned by Osaka Castle Museum (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)

Recent studies believe the followings. Toshikatsu has a short sword where the family crest of the Mizuno Clan was engraved. It was passed down from Odai to Ieyasu who gave it to Toshikatsu. That meant Toshikatsu was Ieyasu’s son. However, it was a very know fact, which was not recorded officially. That’s why the official family trees simply say Toshikatsu was a biological son of the Doi Clan (in fact, adopted). After that, Toshimasu Doi, who was a grandson of Toshikatsu, was worried about the declining reputation of his clan. He thought that he should settle the mystery of his grandfather to gain a stable position for the clan. His decision was that he would announce that Toshikatsu was a son of the Mizuno Clan by using its family crest on the sword. The writers of the official history books probably heard about it. Finally, Toshisato Doi, the 8th lord of the clan, was asked as to who Toshikatsu’s mother was by the shogunate. Toshisato decided that he would answer by telling the truth and put it on his clan’s official trees. However, the shogunate couldn’t accept it because the matters of Ieyasu were too serious to change for them. As a result, the three theories certainly unchanged today. As for Toshikatsu himself, he became a close vassal of Hidetada, who was the successor of Ieyasu, when Toshikatsu was only 7 years old. No matter who his father was, it’s no mystery that he was a very talented person.

The portrait of Toshimasu Doi, owned by Jojoji Temple (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)

When Ieyasu established the shogunate, his most influential retainers were the Honda and the Okubo Clans. However, they often had internal conflicts with each other. As a result, Masazumi Honda survived when Hidetada became the 2nd shogun. Hidetada didn’t want to let Masazumi have more power. He and his close vassals, including Toshikatsu Doi, decided to trick Masazumi. When Masazumi went on a business trip from his home, Utsunomiya Castle, to another castle where he was told about his replacement. That’s the reason Masazumi would not be able to raise a rebellion. In fact, that’s the same way Masazumi excluded the Okubo Clan earlier on. Toshikatsu must have joined the careful planning of the strategy. He continued to serve the shoguns, including the third shogun, Iemitsu, for a long time. He also contributed to the shogunate by building the group guidance system of the shogunate. The system would avoid relying on individual abilities and having internal conflicts so much like the shogunate had used to.

The portrait of Masanobu Honda, owned by Kaga-Maeda Museum (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)

The portrait of Tadayo Okubo, owned by Odawara Castle (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)

In reality, Toshikatsu survived these internal conflicts. Therefore, people sometimes viewed him as a Machiavellian. On the other hand, he was a well-informed and kind person whom the shoguns, his colleagues, and even foreign merchants often relied on. That may be one of the reasons for his longevity. He was also the founder of the Sakura Domain and built Sakura Castle in over 7 years, which was eventually completed in 1616.

Features of Sakura Castle

Sakura Castle, which was built on a large plateau, had several distinctive features. First, the castle wisely used the natural shapes of the plateau. The plateau was basically a natural hazard, which was about 20m above the foot of the hill and surrounded by Takasaki and Kashima Rivers. The main enclosure was built at the western edge of the plateau, and other enclosures were built around it. Large dry moats and the main gate were also constructed to the east for fortification. The Samurai residences and the castle town with Narita Road were built over the gate. Overall, the castle and town were all created on the plateau.

The illustration of Sakura Castle in Shimousa Province, exhibited by the National Diet Library

The old photo of the main gate, from the signboard at the site, Notice how small the people are. The gate was so much bigger compared to modern gates today

Secondly, the castle foundations were all made from soil, not using stone walls. When the battle of Odawara Castle happened, Hideyoshi Toyotomi built a castle made of pure stone walls, called Ishigakiyama Castle, for the first time in the Kanto Region. Since then, similar castles, such as Edo Castle, were built in the region. However, Sakura Castle kept the traditional method of the region, using only soil. Other castle used the same method, such as Kawagoe and Utsunomiya Castles. On the other hand, the castle had some of the latest defensive systems at that time. There were two defensive positions, called Umadashi, in front of the gate of the third enclosure. There were also huge enclosures outside the third enclosure, which could accommodate lots of soldiers and was used as a parade ground. Furthermore, the belt enclosures were built on the slopes of the plateau where the defenders were able to move easily. Finally, the enclosures connected to two barbican enclosures outside the plateau.

The main tower base of Sakura Castle, Notice that not one stone was used

The barbican enclosure of Sakura Castle, Notice the amount of algae covering the moat

The final feature is about the buildings of the castle. There was the main tower in the main enclosure, which was about 22m high and had three levels (four floors). It was extremely rare for that type of castle to be built at that time. (The shogunate basically didn’t allow new castle constructions after its rules were established.) The tower was said to have moved from Edo castle. Its details are unknown, however, because it was unfortunately burned down by an accidental fire during the Edo Period. Historians speculate that it was similar to that of Koga Castle, which Toshikatsu also built later on. There were also Do-yagura (Copper Turret) and Sumi-yagura (Corner Turret) in the main enclosure. The enclosure also had the main hall inside but was barely used. This was because it was once used by Ieyasu Tokugawa, so it was considered exclusive to the shoguns. Instead, the lord of the castle lived in the main hall of the second enclosure. Atter the hall deteriorated; a new hall was built outside the third enclosure.

The miniature model of the main tower, exhibited by Sakura Castle Park Information Center

Masayoshi Hotta comes up with an idea to Open the Country from Sakura Castle

After Toshikatsu Doi moved to the Koga Domain in 1633, several lord families ruled the Sakura Domain during the Edo Period. In particular, the Hotta Clan owed the domain and castle for a long time until the end of the period. I will describe Masayoshi Hotta who was one of the lords and how he devoted his life to reforming and opening the country to the rest of the world. Masayoshi was born in 1810 and became one of the core members of the central government when he was 32 years old. However, he quit the position 2 years later because he didn’t really get along with Tadakuni Mizuno, the top of the government under the shogun. However, he kept in touch with his colleagues like Masahiro Abe and Naosuke Ii.

Masayoshi Hotta (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)

He also reformed the government of the Sakura Domain. He declared the reform to the retainers of the domain at the main hall in the third enclosure of Sakura Castle. One idea was to include the military system of the domain. He changed it to the western style and he allowed the soldiers to exercise in the castle. Another major change from the reform was that Masayoshi introduced the western medicine to the domain. He invited a famous doctor, Taizen Sato from Edo City, who opened a medical school, called Sakura-Juntendo. Lots of students gathered there from all around Japan, which gave Sakura the name Rangaku (Dutch studies) town similar to Nagasaki. (At that time, the western science was provided from the Netherlands, one of the few countries which had diplomatic relationship with Japan.) Masayoshi was also called “Ranpeki” which means a person who devotes oneself entirely to Dutch studies and way of life. As a result, the scenery of Sakura Castle and the town dramatically changed.

Taizen Sato (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)

After the arrival of Matthew Perry’s fleet in 1853, Masahiro Abe, who was the top of the government, asked the country to vote on whether or not Japan should open the rest of the world. Despite Masayoshi’s wishes to open Japan, most people voted against it. Masayoshi was suddenly assigned the top of the government (the chief of the members of shogun’s council of elders) in 1855. However, the reason why Masayoshi was appointed the top official was still uncertain. One of his tasks was to negotiate with Townsend Harris, the council of the U.S. about the trade treaty. Masayoshi actively dealt with Harris because both of them really wanted Japan to open to the rest of the world. The treaty was still unfair, however. For example, Japan didn’t have autonomy to tariffs. On the other hand, Masayoshi decided to open Yokohama Port which would become a worldwide port even today.

The portrait of Masahiro Abe, owned by Fukuyama Seshikan High School (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)

Townsend Harris (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons), An older picture of Townsend Harris

Even after the deal with Harris was finalized, Masayoshi still needed to handle a more difficult task. It was to get approval of the treaty from many relative lords in the government. When Toshikatsu Doi was the top, the system was simpler than the period of Masayoshi. However, the system had completely changed. The result was that only 4 of the 18 relative lords supported it. Therefore, Masayoshi’s second option was to get approval from the emperor, which had ever not been done. It would be the most effective way to overrule the lords. He visited the imperial court in Kyoto in 1558 to persuade the emperor and the nobles but he failed. This was because the emperor Komei himself did not want to open the country to the rest of the world.

*The portrait of Naosuke Ii, owned by Hikone Castle Museum (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)*

Masayoshi was unfortunately fired, and the matter of the treaty was contnued by Naosuke Ii. He went back to the hall of Sakura Castle and lived there until his retirement and until his death in 1864. After the Meiji Restoration, the castle was used as a base for the Japanese Imperial Army. The mission of the base was to guard the eastern areas of Tokyo, the new imperial capital and the former shogun’s capital. That meant the role of the castle was the same between the Edo Period and the Meiji Era. After World War II, it became Sakura Castle Park and part of the park is used as National Museum of Japanese Histories today. The location of the castle is very suitable for such a large museum.

The statue of Masayosho Hotta in the third enclosure of Sakura Castle

The miniature model of Sakura Castle when the Japanese Imperial Army used it, exhibited by the National Museum of Japanese Histories

The entrance of National Museum of Japanese Histories

To be continued in “Sakura Castle Part2”