Today, the ruins of Masuyama Castle have been well developed for visitors. There are two trails to visit the ruins, but I highly recommend using the Uranagi Route. This is because there is an information center called Masuyama Jinya with a parking lot near the route. If you park there and walk to the entrance of the route, you will see an interesting modern facility. In fact, the Wada-gawa River which flowed around the castle was turned into the Wada-gawa Dam. You will walk through the crest of the dam looking at Masuyama Lake on the right and a hydroelectric plant on the left. Part of the ruins of the castle town is under the lake now.
Masuyama Castle[/leaflet-marker]
The information center called Masuyama JinyaThe crest of the Wada-gawa DamMasuyama LakeThe hydroelectric plant
Featured Horikiri and following Enclosures
By now, you should be able to see the ruins at an altered gate called Kaburagi-mon beside a large signboard. The Uranagi Route goes up on a slope and eventually goes in a valley between the ridges on both sides. You will first see the enclosure called the F Enclosure whose name originates from the numbering system which historians used. it is therefore not known what the original name was. You should check out the ridges that are cut artificially, called Horikiri, in front of the enclosure which prevented enemies from attacking the ridges.
The Kaburagi-mon at the entrance of the Uranagi RouteThe Uranagi Route goes in the valleyThe Horikiri in front of the F EnclosureThe F Enclosure
Above the F Enclosure, there is the Umanosego Enclosure which is shaped like a horse’s back. This is where the Uranagi Route and Nanamagari Route meet. The enclosure was an important spot for controlling visitors or enemies.
The Umanosego EnclosureThe map around the F Enclosure and the Umanosego Enclosure (from the location map at the site)
First Enclosure, pivot point of the defense
After that, the First Enclosure stands out in front of you. The cliff around the enclosure is cut vertically, which is called Kirigishi, however, it is impossible to climb it. Unfortunately, you will also have to walk around the cliff to reach the entrance of the enclosure. This location would have been where enemies were counterattacked from above. From there, you will see the remaining well called the Matabe-Shimizu which still filled fresh water to this day located near the entrance.
Looking up the First EnclosureThe Kirigishi of First EnclosureThe well called the Matabe-ShimizuThe map around the First Enclosure (from the location map at the site)
From the inside of the enclosure, you can see a good view of the area around the castle as well as a view of the route you went through. That means this enclosure would have been the pivot point of the defense.
The inside of the First EnclosureA view from the First EnclosureA view of the route you went through
Masuyama Castle was a large mountain castle which was located in Ecchu Province (what is now modern day Toyama Prefecture). In the first 16th Century, Ecchu Province didn’t have a strong warlord, but was divided between the Jinbo Clan, the Shina Clan, the Ikkoshu Sect and others. The province had the Toyama Plain in the center, which was surrounded by hills in the south, the east and the west. They built a lot of mountain castles on the area of the hills to maintain their territories. Masuyama Castle was called one of the three greatest mountain castles in Ecchu Province followed by Moriyama Castle and Matsukura Castle.
The location of the castle
Masuyama Castle was located on the western edge of the hills sticking out of the Toyama Plain from the south. The Wada-gawa River flowed alongside the edge, so it could be a natural water moat. There were a lot of enclosures on the hill such as the First Enclosure and the Second Enclosure.
The relief map around the castle
The map around the castle
Defensive system of Masuyama Castle
To protect these enclosures, the castle had several defensive systems using natural terrains like ridges, cliffs and valleys. For example, some ridges were cut artificially to look like a trench, called Horikiri. Some cliffs were cut vertically, called Kirigishi. Some valleys were used as the dry moats called Karabori.
A typical defensive system of mountain castles (from the signboard at the site)
The soldiers could also get water from several wells easily in order to survive a long siege. Other castles such as Kameyama Castle were built on the hill next to Masuyama Castle so that they could work closely with each other. Even the castle town was developed on the foot of the mountain castle at its peak.
The imaginary drawing of Masuyama Castle
Kenshin Uesugi attacked it three times
It is uncertain when the castle was first built, but the Jinbo Clan owned the castle in the middle of the 16th Century during the Sengoku Period. In 1560, a great warlord by the name of Kenshin Uesugi invaded Ecchu Province and supporting the Shina Clan from Echigo Province (The east of Ecchu Province). The Jinbo Clan was sieged in Masuyama Castle to protect themselves. Kenshin wrote in his letter that Masuyama was an essentially dangerous place and impenetrable with lots of defenders. Kenshin attacked Masuyama Castle three times, and finally captured it in 1576.
上杉謙信肖像画、上杉神社蔵 (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)
After Kenshin died in 1578, Narimasa Sassa under the Oda Clan took over Masuyama Castle from the Uesugi Clan in 1581. After that, the Maeda Clan supporting the ruler, Hideyoshi Toyotomi and the Tokugawa Shogunate later owned the castle. Some senior vassals from the Maeda Clan stayed in the castle. That meant Masuyama Castle was always an important castle to rule that area. However, the castle was finally abandoned in 1615 due to the Law of One Castle per Province created by the Tokugawa Shogunate. It was said that a wife of the senior vassal who was called Sho-hime was also a daughter of Toshiie Maeda, the founder of the Maeda Clan who managed the castle around the end of its history.
The portrait of Narimasa Sassa, owned by Toyama Municipal Folk Museum (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)The portrait of Toshiie Maeda, the founder of the Maeda Clan, private owned (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)
この城には、様々な魅力があります。
This castle attracts you in several perspectives.
立地と歴史～Location and History
犬山城は、その古風な天守や、眺望がよく知られています。でもこの城にはもっと知られるべき見どころがあるのです。 Inuyama Castle is known for its old Main Tower or “Tenshu” and their landscape. But the castle has more attractions you can find.
犬山城の遠景～A distant view of Inuyama Castle（taken by nagabutinana from photoAC）
国境に立地～It is located around the boder of provices
この城は最初は１５３７年に地方領主の織田信安により築かれたと言われています。木曽川の畔、４０ｍの高さの丘の上にあります。この地点は尾張国（現在の愛知県の一部）の端に当たり、尾張国と美濃国（現在の岐阜県の一部）の国境のすぐ近くでした。また、水上交通の要所でもありました。 It is said that the castle was first built in 1537 by a local clan, Nobuyasu Oda. It was located at the top of a 40m height hill beside Kisogawa River. The spot was on the edge of Owari Province ( now part of Aichi Pref.), right next to the border between Owari and Mino Province ( now part of Gifu Pref.), and it was also important for water transportation.
城の位置と尾張国の範囲～The location of the castle and the range of Owari Province
有力戦国大名の標的に～Great warlords targets it
結果として、戦国時代には多くの有力な戦国大名がこの城を手に入れようとしました。最初は、織田信長が美濃攻略の足掛かりとしてこの城を得ました。次には、豊臣秀吉が１５８４年の徳川家康との小牧長久手の戦いのときに、この城に本陣を構えました。 As a result, many great warlords aimed to capture the castle in the Warring States or “Sengoku” Period. First, Nobunaga Oda got the castle as the foothold before he invaded Mino. Secondly, Hideyoshi Toyotomi used the castle as his stronghold when he fought with Ieyasu Tokugawa in the Battle of Komaki and Nagakute in 1584.
織田信長肖像画、狩野宗秀作、長興寺蔵、１６世紀後半～The portrait of Nobunaga Oda, attributed to Soshu Kano, owned by Chokoji Temple, in the late 16th century（licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons）豊臣秀吉肖像画、加納光信筆、高台寺蔵～The Portrait of Hideyoshi Toyotomi, attributed to Mitsunobu Kano, ownd by Kodaiji Temple（licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons）
成瀬氏が城と町を支配～Naruse clan governs the castle and town
最終的には、徳川幕府が確立すると、幕府は成瀬正成を徳川の親藩である尾張藩の付家老として、この城に据えました。成瀬氏は大名ではありませんでした。それでも、江戸時代の間中例外として、大名のように犬山城と城下の支配を許されたのです。 Lastly, after the Tokugawa Shogunate was established, it placed Masanari Naruse at the castle as the Attendant Chief Retainer for Tokugawa’s relative Owari Domain. The Naruse clan was not a lord. However, they were allowed to govern Inuyama Castle and the castle town like a lord all through Edo Period as an exception.
成瀬正成肖像画、白林寺所蔵、江戸時代～The portrait of Masanari Naruse, owned by Hakurinji Temple, in the Edo Period（licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons）犬山城古図、犬山市城とまちミュージアム蔵、江戸時代～The Old Map of Inuyama Castle, owned by Inuyama Cultural Assets Museum, in the Edo Period（licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons）
特徴～Features
城周辺の地図～The map around the castle
三方は急崖～Steep cliffs in three directions
現在、天守だけが現存していますが、城がどんなだったかは今でも見て取ることができます。城は北の方角の背後に木曽川があり、自然の要害になっています。城がある丘は三方向（北、東、西）が急崖であり、このようなしつらえはよく「後ろ堅固」と呼ばれます。更には、この崖はより垂直になるよう削られていて、このことを「切岸」といいます。その上、この辺りは深い空堀に囲まれていました。 Now, only the Tenshu remains, but we can still see how the castle was. The castle has a natural hazard as Kisogawa River in the back of the north side. The hill of the castle also has steep cliffs in three directions ( north, east and west). Such a condition is often called “back secure” or “Ushiro-Kengo”. In addition, the cliffs are cut more vertically which is called “Kirigishi”. Moreover, the area was surrounded by a deep dry moat.
北側の急崖～The steep cliff in the north side
南方に大手道～Main Route in the south
城は、南の方角に「大手道」と呼ばれる一本道でのみ開かれていました。今はその道に沿って簡単に城の中心と天守に行くことができますが、過去においては、５つの門によって厳重に守られていました。 The castle is open to only one route in the south called the Main Route or “Ote-michi”. It is easy to go to the center of the castle and Tenshu through the route now, but it was heavily guarded by five gates in the past.
大手道～The Main Route
門の間にまっすぐな部分がありますが、ここもまた高い壁と櫓がある曲輪に挟まれていました。最後の門である「鉄門」は再建されています。 The straight part of the route between the gates was also sandwiched by enclosures with high walls and turrets. The last gate called “Kurogane-mon” has been reconstructed.
天守は国宝で、３層４階＋地下２階となっています。初期の天守の形式である望楼型で、日本の現存天守では最古であるかもしれません。但し事はそう単純ではなくて、歴史家や建築家は天守は３段階で作られたと言っています。最初は２層の櫓として作られました。現存の１階と２階は古い工具と方法で作られています。 The Tenshu is a National Treasure. It has three layers and four levels with two extra basements. It shows the first Tenshu style called lookout tower type, and may be the oldest remaining Tenshu in Japan. But it is not that simple. Historians and architects say that Tenshu was built in three steps. The first step built a two story turret, as the remaining first and second floors are made with older tools and in practice.
犬山城天守～The Tenshu of Inuyama Castle２階の内部～The interior of the second floor
３階と４階は塔のように外を見渡す用途で、新しい工法を使い、２段階目に付け加えられました。最後の段階で成瀬氏が、天守に唐破風や高欄を付けたりして装飾したのです。問題は、いつ最初の建築がなされたかです。もしそれが城の創建と同じ時期であれば、間違いなく最古の天守と言えるでしょう。将来明らかになるかもしれません。 The third and forth floors were added to look outside like a tower, using newer methods in the second step. Lastly the Naruse clan decorated Tenshu by adding a Chinese style gable called “Kara-Hafu” and a veranda at the top floor in the last step. The question is when the first step was done. If it is the same age as the castle itself, it is definitely the oldest Tenshu. It may be proven in the future.
天守の上層部分～The upper layer of the Tenshu（taken by マッハGGG from photoAC）
最上階が開放的なので、木曽川とその周辺の素晴らしい景色が眺めることができます。手摺を含む高欄は残っているそのままです。城主の大名と全く同じ体験ができるわけです。 You can see a great view of Kisogawa River and the area around from the open top floor. The veranda including its handrail is original. We can enjoy the exact same experience as the lords who owned the castle.
天守からの木曽川の眺め～A view of Kiso-gawa River from Tenshu元来からの高欄の手摺～The original handrail of the veranda（taken by ACJOE from photoAC）
その後～Later History
明治維新後、犬山城は廃城となり、天守を除く全ての建物は撤去されました。１８９１年、濃尾地震により天守が半ば倒壊しました。その後、以前の領主だった成瀬氏が、彼ら自身で復旧することを条件に再び城を保有しました。犬山城は最近まで私有されていたのです。その間、天守は国宝に指定されました。２００８年、犬山城白帝文庫という法人が設立され、将来への保存のため、城を保有することになりました。それ以来、調査研究が続けられています。 After the Meiji Restoration, Inuyama Castle was abandoned and all its buildings were demolished excluding the Tenshu. In 1891, the Tenshu collapsed partly due to the Nobi Earthquake. After that, the former lord, the Naruse clan owned the castle again on the condition that they would restore it. Inuyama Castle had been privately owned until recently. Meanwhile, it was designated as a National Treasure. Such a case was very rare. In 2008, a corporation called Inuyama-jo Hakutei-bunko was established and it has owned the castle to preserve it in the future. Since then, investigations and developments have been done.
２０１９年修繕中の天守～Tenshu under repairing in 2019
私の感想～My Impression
元々、犬山城は戦いのために築かれました。江戸時代には美しい眺望でも知られるようになりました。成瀬氏は城下町も発展させました。その雰囲気は今に残ります。城に行く途中で通って行けます。この城は今や重要な歴史遺産になりました。この城のいろんな側面を見ていただきたいと思います。 Originally, Inuyama Castle was built just for battle. It also became a beautiful landscape in the Edo Period. The Naruse clan developed the castle town, too. Its atmosphere remains even now. You can enjoy it on the way to the castle. The castle is now becoming more important for cultural heritage. I hope you will see many perspectives of the castle.
浮世絵に描かれた犬山城、「木曽街道鵜沼宿」渓斎英泉作、江戸時代～Inuyama Castle in a Ukiyoe painting, “Unuma on Kiso-kaido Road” attributed to Eisai Keisai in the Edo Period（licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons）現在の城下町～The castle town now（taken by fuku41 from photoAC）
ここに行くには～How to get There
ここに行くには、電車をおすすめします。 犬山駅から：途中城下町を通って歩いて約２０分です。 犬山遊園駅から：木曽川沿いを通って歩いて約１５分です。 名古屋から両駅まで：名鉄名古屋駅から名鉄犬山線の快速特急に乗ってください。 車の場合は、東名高速道路の小牧ＩＣから約１２ｋｍですが、城周辺の道路は混雑気味で、駐車場もあまりありません。 I recommend using the train to get there. From Inuyama station: it takes about 20 minutes on foot, going through the castle town on the way. From Inuyama-Yuen station: it takes about 15 minutes on foot, going along Kisogawa River. From Nagoya to both stations: Take the rapid limited express on Meitetsu Inuyama line from Meitetsu Nagoya Station. If you want to go there by car, it is about 12 km from the Komaki IC on the Tomei Expressway. But the roads around the castle tend to be crowded, and there are a few parking lots.
