2023年8月 – ページ 9 – 日本200名城バイリンガル (Japan's top 200 castles and ruins)

57.Sasayama Castle Part1

One of the castles which were built to surround Osaka Castle

Location and History

Tanba, Important Province for Rulers

Sasayama Castle was located in modern day Tanba-Sasayama City, in Hyogo Prefecture. Hyogo is a large prefecture which covers the western part of the Kansai Region. However, the castle was located at that time in Tanba Province which is much smaller than Hyogo Prefecture but was located in mountain areas just behind the northwest of Kyoto, the previous capital of Japan. That meant governing Tanba Province was very important to protect Kyoto and monitor if the lords in western Japan would do something effective to the central political circles.

The range of Tanba Province and the location of the castle

Castle construction is ordered by Shogunate

Ieyasu Tokugawa defeated Mitsunari Ishida supporting the Toyotomi Clan in the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 and established the Tokugawa Shogunate by becoming the shogun in 1603. However, the situation was still unstable because the Toyotomi Clan was still living in Osaka Castle, which was uncontrollable by the shogunate. In addition, there were many lords in western Japan, who were in favor of the Toyotomi Clan and might have been against the shogunate in the future. The response of Ieyasu to the situation was to build several strong castles around Osaka Castle to contain the Toyotomi Clan and divide the Toyotomi Clan and its favors. They are known as Nagoya, Iga-Ueno, Hikone, Zeze, Nijo in Kyoto, Kameyama and Sasayama Castles. These castles were built as the construction orders by the shogunate, which made lords including the Toyotomi Clan favors join at their own expenses. The side effects of the constructions were to reduce the lords’ money and force them to give up their rebellious split to be against the shogunate by showing the strong network of the castles.

The Portrait of Ieyasu Tokugawa, attributed to Tanyu Kano, owned by Osaka Castle Museum (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)

The network of the castles around Osaka Castle, which Ieyasu built

The construction of Sasayama Castle launched in 1603, which was instructed by Terumasa Ikeda who was the lord of Himeji Castle, with the help of 20 lords from 15 provinces and was designed by Takatora Todo who was considered as a master of castle constructions. The castle was built on a hill called Sasayama, in the Sasayama Basin. The main portion of the castle was on the hill, using the natural terrain and building high stone walls over the hill. Other than that, the castle had simple flat square enclosures and double water moats surrounding it. That designs made it easier to build the castle, but it would made it weaker to protect the castle instead.

The Portrait of Terumasa Ikeda, owned by Tottori prefectural art museum (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)

The portrait of Takatora Todo, private owned (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)

The main portion of Sasayama Castle, from the miniature model of the castle, exhibited by the historical museum in the Large Study Hall of Sasayama Castle

The castle was surrounded by the double water moats, from the miniature model of the castle, same as above

Castle is designed by Takatora Todo

To prevent enemies from attacking it easily, Takatora designed the castle’s entrances to be strictly protected using the Masugata system. The Masugata refers to a defensive square space which was surrounded by gates and stone walls where enemies would be locked out. Another defensive system that Takatora designed was the Umadashi. It refers to a square enclosure sticking out from the entrance connected by a narrow path among the moat. The enclosure had another moat in front of it, so its entrances were at both sides where the defenders could counterattack from them. Takatora established these structures in his own Imabari Castle which was completed in 1604.

The Umadashi and Masugata systems at the Main Gate of Sasayama Castle, from the miniature model of the castle, same as above

The Masugata system of Imabari Castle, from the signboard at the site

Main Tower is not built

On the other hand, Sasayama Castle didn’t have its Main Tower in the Main Enclosure on the top. In fact, the stone wall base for the tower was built, however, the tower was not built. This was because the shogunate determined the castle would not need it as it would be enough to protect the castle without it. Another reason was that the lords working for the construction also needed to move to the another site for Nagoya Castle. That’s why Sasayama Castle was completed after only a half year of construction. Instead, several turrets were built in the Main Enclosure and the Main Hall for the lord was built in the Second Enclosure, which constituted the main portion of the castle.

The stone wall base for the Main Tower of Sasayama Castle

The Main Enclosure of Sasayama Castle, where its Main Tower was not built, from the miniature model of the castle, same as above

The Large Study Hall, the restored building of the Main Hall in the Second Enclosure of Sasayama Castle

The castle was first owned by Yasushige Matsudaira, a relative of Ieyasu Tokugawa. After the shogunate defeated the Toyotomi Clan in 1615, several hereditary feudal lords followed the castle to monitor non-hereditary feudal lords in western Japan as the Sasayama Domain, such as the Aoyama Clan which governed the area until the end of the Edo Period.

The portrait of Yasushige Matsudaira (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)

A general view of Sasayama Castle, from the signboard at the site

To be continued in “Sasayama Castle Part2”

57.篠山城　その１

大坂城包囲網構築のために築かれた城

立地と歴史

天下人にとって重要だった丹波国

篠山城は現在の兵庫県丹波篠山市にありました。兵庫県は大きな県で、関西地方の西側全体をカバーしてしまっているほどです。しかし篠山城は、当時は兵庫県よりずっと小さい丹波国に属していました。それでも丹波国は日本の以前の首都、京都の北西すぐ背後にある丘陵地帯の位置にあったのです。つまり、丹波を制することは、京都を守護することと、西日本の大名たちが中央政界に影響を及ぼす何らかの行動を起こしたか監視するために、とても重要だったのです。

丹波国の範囲と城の位置

天下普請による築城

1600年の関ヶ原の戦いでは徳川家康が、豊臣氏を支持する石田三成を倒したことで、1603年に徳川幕府を設立し、征夷大将軍となりました。しかし、幕府の統制に従わない豊臣氏が大坂城に居座っていたことで、情勢はまだ不安定でした。更には、西日本には豊臣恩顧の大名がたくさんいて、将来幕府に反抗することも考えられました。こういった情勢に対する家康の策略は、大坂城の周辺に強力な城をいくつも築き、豊臣氏を封じ込めるとともに、豊臣氏と豊臣恩顧の大名を引き離すことでした。その城とは、名古屋城、伊賀上野城、彦根城、膳所城、京都の二条城、亀山城、そして篠山城です。これらの城塞群は幕府の命令に基づく天下普請により築かれ、豊臣恩顧の大名も自費によって動員されたのです。天下普請の間接的な目的としては、大名たちの財力を削ぐこと、そして強力な城のネットワークを見せつけることで、幕府に反抗しようとなどとは思わせないようにすることでした。

*徳川家康肖像画、加納探幽筆、大阪城天守閣蔵* (*licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons*)

家康が築いた大坂城包囲網

篠山城の建設は1603年に始まり、姫路城主の池田輝政が総奉行を務め、１５ヶ国から２０もの大名が動員されました。城の縄張りは、築城の名手とされた藤堂高虎が担当しました。篠山城は、篠山盆地の篠山という名の丘陵に築かれました。城の主要部は丘上にあり、自然の地形を利用しつつ、高石垣がその丘を覆いました。それ以外には、シンプルな四角い曲輪群で構成され、二重の水堀に囲まれていました。こういった縄張りの城は、建設するのが容易である一方、城の防御が弱くなってしまうという懸念があります。

池田輝政肖像画、鳥取県立美術館蔵 (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)

*藤堂高虎肖像画、個人蔵 (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)*

藤堂高虎の縄張り

この城が敵に容易に攻撃されないよう、高虎は城の出入り口の防御を固めるため、「桝形」を採用しました。桝形とは、防御のための四角い空間で、門や石垣により囲み、敵が来てもここで足止めできるようになっていました。もう一つの高虎が採用した防御システムは「馬出し」でした。馬出しとは、城の入口から突き出した四角い曲輪で、堀に囲まれた細い通路によってのみつながっていました。その馬出し曲輪の前にも別の堀がありました。そのため、曲輪の出入り口は両側面にあり、そこから守備兵が反撃のために出撃できるようになっていました。高虎はこれらの仕掛けを、自分自身の城である今治城で確立していて、今治城も篠山城と同時期の1604年に完成しました。

天守は築かれず

こういった先進的な防御システムの一方、篠山城の本丸頂上には天守は築かれませんでした。実は、天守台石垣は築かれたのですが、天守自体は築かれなかったのです。その理由は、幕府がそういった決定を下したためで、天守がなくてもこの城は十分強力だと判断したとされています。他の理由としては、篠山城の建設工事に従事していた大名たちが、名古屋場建設の方に移らなければならなかったという事情もありました。そのため、篠山城はわずか１年半ほどの工事期間で完成しました。本丸には天守の代わりに櫓群が築かれ、二の丸には城主のための御殿が築かれ、城の主要部として機能しました。

この城の最初の城主は、徳川家康の親族とされた（松井）松平康重でした。1615年に幕府が豊臣氏を滅ぼした後は、江戸時代末期まで城主だった青山氏など、いくつもの譜代大名が入れ替わりで城主となり、篠山藩として西日本の外様大名の監視に当たりました。

松平康重肖像画 *(licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)*

「篠山城その２」に続きます。

197.Shibushi Castle part3

Wonderful molding using natural terrain

Features

Nakanokuo, Pivot of Defense

Over the dry moat, the other major enclosures of Nakanokuo (the enclosure No.4 & 5) and Onokuo (the enclosure No.6 & 15) follow and are all divided by other dry moats crosswise. In particular, you should check out Nakanokuo (the enclosure No.5), over Nakanokuo (the enclosure No.4). To reach the enclosure, you need to go out of the Main Enclosure, go through the right lengthwise dry moat from the front, and enter the second crosswise dry moat. The bottom of the moat is not flat, but has two tiers, so you also need to climb to the upper tier.

The map around Uchijo portion, the red broken line is the route from the Main Enclosure to Nakaokuo (the enclosure No.5)

The second crosswise dry moat has two tiers

Then, you will face huge vertically cut cliff of the enclosure like a thick column and need to walk around to enter. If you were an enemy, you must have been attacked by the defenders from above until then. The entrance path is altered by thick earthen walls as well, just like a palace gate made of soil. This enclosure might have been pivotal to the defense in the castle.

The vertical cliff of Nakanokuo (the enclosure No.5) ‘s side

The earthen walls surrounding the enclosure

Looking down the bottom of the moat from the enclosure

The part of Nakaokuo (the enclosure No.5) of the miniature model exhibited in *Shibushi City Center for Archaeological operations*

Amazing Dry Moats

Both the lengthwise dry moats outside the plateau are amazing. The dry moat on the left side from the front (the western side) is called O-Horikiri or the Large Ditch. It is about 17m deep and was about 7m deeper than now according to the excavation. The collapsing volcanic ash has been filling the bottom of the moat naturally. However, it is still enough for us to understand how great the warrior’s work for the moat was.

The part of the Large Ditch of the miniature model

The dry moat on the right side is also surprising. The cut section of the outside enclosure is still vivid making us understand how hard their work was!

The Back Route of the castle goes beside the cut section and very narrow like the Main Route. It must have been made very defensive like the Main Route.

The part of the Back Route of the miniature model

Later History

After Shibushi Castle was abandoned, the foot of the mountain was used as the warriors’ residences called Shibushi Fumoto. Fumoto refers to a residence area for a unique defense system of the Satsuma Domain led by the Shimazu Clan, called Tojo or the Outer Castles, during the Edo Period. Unlike other domains letting their retainers live together in their home base, the Satsuma Domain sent many of its retainers to their local sites to protect the frontiers of its territory. Shibushi Fumoto was one of the most important among over 100 Fumoto of the domain. You can also walk around the Fumoto area at the same time as visiting Shibushi Castle Ruins. As for the castle ruins, they have been excavated and researched since 2003. As a result, they were designated as a National Historic Site in 2005.

The area around still has an atmosphere of Shibushi Fumoto

My Impression

I have never seen such a large and precise miniature model of a mountain castle like the one of Shibushi Castle (Uchijo portion) in Shibushi City Center for Archaeological operations before. I have certainly seen large and precise miniature models of more modern castles like Himeji Castle because they often had or still have many buildings such as the Main Tower, turrets and gates, and great structures such as stone walls. They would be easy to be copied for a model and the model can be popular with people. On the other hand, making models of a mountain castle should be difficult and may be less popular, so it could be rare, especially realistic ones. However, the miniature model of Shubushi Castle is one of the rarely seen models, worth to see by itself, and helps visitors understand what the real castle was very well.

*The miniature model of Uchijo, exhibited by Shibushi City Center for Archaeological operations*

How to get There

If you want to visit the castle ruins by car, it is about a 15 minute drive away from Shibushi IC on the Miyakonojo-Shibushi Road. There is a parking lot for visitors near the ruins. In addition, Shibushi City Center for Archaeological operations is about 3km away from the ruins and it also has a parking lot.
If you want to use public transportation, it takes about 20 minutes on foot to get there form JR Shibushi Station.
For visitors from Tokyo or Osaka: It may be a good idea to rent a car at Kagoshima or Miyazaki Airports after using a plane.

That’s all. Thank you.
Back to “Shibushi Castle Part1”
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