118.Oshi Castle Part1

Tins castle is known for the Battle of Oshi Castle.

Location and History

Narita Clan builds Castle using Marshes between rivers

Gyoda City is located in the northern part of Saitama Prefecture, which is sandwiched by two large rivers in the Kanto Region, Tonegawa and Aarakawa Rivers. The land of the city is very flat and has been developed for living comfortably, however, it was marshy and waterlogged in the Middle Ages due to its terrain and flood from the rivers. The Narita Clan governed the area, which was called Oshi, in the 15th and 16th Centuries during the Sengoku Period. It is said that the clan first built Oshi Castle in the late 15th Century. Many battles happened in the Kanto Region at that time, so local lords needed to protect themselves by building strong castles. Some built mountain castles such as Minowa Castle for the Nagano Clan and Kanayama Castle for the Iwamatsu Clan. On the other hand, the Narita Clan’s choice was to build a Water Castle, using the area’s features of islands among the marshes and natural levees along the rivers. The castle’s enclosures were connected by paths on bridges and earthen walls.

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忍城
Leaflet, © OpenStreetMap contributors
The range of Gyoda City and The location of the castle

The strength of the castle was actually proven when Hideyoshi Toyotomi invaded the Kanto Region to complete his unification of Japan in 1590. The whole region had been governed by the Hojo Clan which the Narita Clan served then. The Hojo Clan ordered their branches including Oshi Castle to gather soldiers to their home base, Odawara Castle to against Hideyoshi. Ujinaga Narita, the lord of Oshi Castle had to leave it for Odawawa, so few defenders were left in the castle, under the castle keeper, Nagachika Narita, Ujinaga’s cousin. Hideyosi attacked the Hojo’s territory with over 200,000 soldiers, sending troops to not only Odawara Castle but also branch castles. For example, Kanayama Castle where a magistrate from the Hojo governed was easily open by the troops. However, the only 500 defenders with 2500 residents in Oshi castle, instructed by Nagachika, never surrendered against over 20,000 attackers.

Castle is attacked by Inundation tactics in Battle of Oshi Castle

The Portrait of Hideyoshi Toyotomi, attributed to Mitsunobu Kano, owned by Kodaiji Temple (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)
Odawara Castle

The commander head of the attackers was Mitsunari Ishida, a highly trusted retainer from Hideyoshi, who was also supported by other lords, such as Nagamasa Asano and Masayuki Sanada. Hideyoshi was not there, but he ordered Mitsunari to flood the castle by making banks surrounding it to keep more water. His idea probably came from the geographical features and his successful experience of the Battle of Bicchu-Takamatsu Castle where he did the same way. It is said that Mitsunari put his strong hold on Maruhakayama-Kofun, an Ancient Burial Mound, about 2km away from the castle in the south. His team rapidly built 15 to 25 km banks around the mound in few days to dam water from the rivers. A folk story remains that farmers were asked to bring earth bags to build banks for a high fee.

The portrait of Mitsunari Ishida, owned by Hajime Sugiyama (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)
Maruhakayama Ancient Burial Mound
The partially remaining bank Mitsunari built, called Ishida Tsutsumi

It is uncertain if his attempt was successful according to some records in which the defenders secretly cut part of the banks to drain water drowning some attackers. The fact is that when the supporting lords tried to assault the castle, Hideyoshi ordered them to stop it and continue the inundation. The siege lasted for about a month, however, the castle couldn’t be beaten until the master Hojo surrendered in Odawara Castle. The castle has been nicknamed “a floating castle” of “a turtle castle” which probably originate from what the castle looked like in the siege.

“The illustration of the Narita Clan’s Oshi Castle during the Tensho Era”, it was made by a local historian to consider the Battle of Oshi Castle during the Meiji Era, exhibited by the Gyoda City Local Museum
The Horikiri-bashi Bridge where the bank was cut according to a local tradition

Castle becomes important defense site for Edo

In the Edo Period, Oshi Castle was governed by relatives or hereditary vassals of the shoguns as the Oshi Domain. This was because this castle was located in an important defensive site for Edo Castle, the shogun’s home base in the south. It is said that the Abe Clan, which often became members of shogun’s council of elders, completed the castle. They still used the basic structures of the castle as the island-like enclosures among the moats and marshes. However, they improved the castle’s defense systems more by building the three-level turret (similar to the Main Tower), other turrets and gates. The castle and domain were finally followed by the Okudaira-Matsudaira Clan, whose origin was the son of Nobumasa Okudaira who contributed to Ieyasu Tokugawa, the founder of the shogunate, in the Battle of Nagashino Castle and was married with Ieyasu’s daughter. They were trusted in and ordered by the shogunate to guard the No.3 Shinagawa Battery facing Edo Bay to prepare for possible threat to Western battleships at the end of the Edo Period.

The miniature model of Oshi Castle during the Edo Period, exhibited by the Gyoda City Local Museum
The rebuilt three-level turret of Oshi Castle, it was built in a different position from the original one
The No.3 Shinagawa Battery

To be continued in “Oshi Castle Part2”

118.忍城 その1

「忍城の戦い」の舞台として有名な城

立地と歴史

成田氏が大河間の湿地帯を利用して築城

行田市は埼玉県北部にあり、関東地方の大河である利根川と荒川に挟まれています。市の地形はとても平坦であり、居住に便利な地として開発されてきました。しかし中世においては、この地は川の氾濫により沼地や湿地帯となっていました。15~16世紀の戦国時代のときにはこの地は「忍(おし)」と呼ばれていて、成田氏が支配していました。15世紀後半にその成田氏が忍城を最初に築いたと言われています。その当時は関東地方では多くの戦いがあり、地方領主は強力な城を築き、身を守る必要があったのです。箕輪城を築いた長野氏や、金山城を築いた岩松氏のように、山城を築く領主がいた一方、成田氏の選択はこの地の特徴を生かし、川沿いの沼地や自然堤防の間にあった島状の土地を利用し、水城を築くことでした。その土地を利用した曲輪群は、橋や土塁の上に作られた通路によってつながっていました。

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忍城
Leaflet, © OpenStreetMap contributors
行田市の範囲と城の位置

忍城の戦いが起こり水攻めに遭う

この城の強さは実際に、1590年に豊臣秀吉が天下統一を完成させるために関東地方に侵攻したときに証明されました。当時関東地方全域は、北条氏によって支配されていて、成田氏も仕えていました。北条氏は忍城を含む支城に対して、秀吉に対抗するため、本拠地である小田原城に兵を集結させるよう命じました。忍城の城主であった成田氏長も、小田原城に入りました。そのため、氏長のいとこである長親が城代として、わずかな兵士とともに忍城に残りました。秀吉は、20万以上の軍勢をもって北条の領地に侵攻し、その軍勢は小田原城だけでなく、支城群にも派遣されました。例えば、北条からの代官が治めていた金山城は、簡単に開城してしまいました。ところが、長親に率いられた忍城内のわずか500名の兵士と2500名の住民たちは、2万人以上の攻城軍に対して、決して降伏しませんでした。

豊臣秀吉肖像画、加納光信筆、高台寺蔵 (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)
小田原城

攻城軍の指揮官は、秀吉から厚い信頼を受けていた家臣の石田三成で、与力大名としては浅野長政や真田昌幸が参戦しました。秀吉は現地にはいませんでしたが、三成に対して堤防を作って城を囲み、水攻めにするよう指示したのです。秀吉の考えは恐らく、地形的な特徴と、秀吉自身が同じ戦法を採用して成功した備中高松城の戦いでの経験から来ていたのでしょう。三成は、城の南方、約2kmのところにある丸墓山古墳に本陣を置きました。彼の軍勢は突貫工事により、わずかな日数で古墳の周辺に15kmから25kmとも言われる堤防を築き、川からの水をせき止めました。地元の言い伝えによれば、このとき農民たちが高額な対価で、堤防を築くために土嚢を持ってくるよう言われたそうです。

石田三成肖像画、杉山丕氏蔵 (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)
丸墓山古墳
三成が築いた「石田堤」の現存部分

この水攻めが成功したかどうかは不確かで、ある記録によれば、守備兵が密かに堤の一部を切り、水が溢れたことで攻撃兵が溺れたとのことです。事実として確認できることは、与力大名が城を強攻しようとしたのですが、秀吉が止めさせ、水攻めを続けるよう強制したのです。包囲戦は約1ヶ月続きましたが守備側は、主君である小田原城の北条氏が降伏するまで屈しませんでした。忍城は異名として「浮き城」または「亀城」と呼ばれていますが、この包囲戦のときに城がどのように見えたかという所から来ているようです。

「天正年間成田氏忍城之図」、明治時代に郷土史家が忍城の戦いを考証した図、行田市郷土爆物館にて展示
堤を切ったと伝わる場所にある堀切橋

江戸防衛の拠点に

江戸時代の間、忍城は将軍の親族または譜代大名によって、忍藩として治められました。それは、この城が南方の将軍の本拠地、江戸城の守りにとって重要な拠点だっだからです。何回も幕府の老中を輩出した阿部氏が城を完成させたと言われています。これらの大名たちも、堀や沼地の間にあった島状の曲輪からなる城の基本的構造をそのまま使いました。但し、城の防御システムをより強化するために、三階櫓(天守の代用)、他の櫓や門を建設しました。城と藩は最終的に奥平松平氏に引き継がれます。奥平松平氏の創始者は、奥平信昌の子で、信昌は長篠城での戦いで幕府の創始者となる徳川家康に大変貢献し、家康の娘が嫁いでいたのです(よってその子は家康の孫ということで松平姓を許されていました)。奥平松平氏は幕府に頼られていたため、幕末には品川台場(第三台場)の警備を命じられました。この台場は西洋の軍艦の潜在的脅威に備えて、江戸湾に面して設置されていたのです。

江戸時代の忍城を復元した模型、行田市郷土博物館にて展示
再建された忍城三階櫓、場所はオリジナルとは違います
品川台場(第三台場)

「忍城その2」に続きます。

195.Nobeoka Castle Part1

A castle all built using stone walls by Mototane Takahashi

Location and History

Only Castle completely built using Stone Walls in Hyuga Province

Nobeoka is an industrial city, located in the northern part of Miyazaki Prefecture which used to be called Hyuga Province. The province was very long from the north to the south and its terrain was complex with plain and mountain areas, so it was divided by many lesser lords until the end of the Edo Period, except for a short period when the Ito Clan prospered in the late 17th Century. These lesser lords lived in castles mainly built using soil from the natural terrain, such as Sadowara and Obi Castles. However, Nobeoka Castle was the only castle which was completely built using stone walls in the province by Mototane Takahashi.

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Nobeoka Castle
Leaflet, © OpenStreetMap contributors
The range of Hyuga Province and the location of the castle

Sadowara Castle
Obi Castle

Talented Mototane Takahashi

Mototane originally came from the Akizuki Clan, which governed part of Chikuzen Province, north of Hyuga, and he was adopted by the Takahashi Clan. When the ruler, Hideyoshi Toyotomi, invaded the Kyushu Region in 1587 for his unification of Japan, Mototane and his parents’ clan quickly surrendered and supported Hideyoshi. Mototane was loved by Hideyoshi, which resulted in him becoming the lord of the Nobeoka area after Hideyoshi’s conquest of the region. Motonane must have made an good impression on his boss.

豊The Portrait of Hideyoshi Toyotomi, attributed to Mitsunobu Kano, owned by Kodaiji Temple (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)

In 1600, after Hideyoshi died, the East Squad, led by Ieyasu Tokugawa and the West Squad, led by Mitsunari Ishida, supporting the Toyotomi Clan, fought a decisive battle in the Sekigahara field. Mototane joined the West Squad and stayed in Ogaki Castle near the field. Once he heard that his side had been beaten, he quickly changed his sides, killed some of the lords of the West Squad, and surrendered to Ieyasu. That also resulted in his territory being maintained by the Tokugawa Shogunate, established by Ieyasu. Mototane must have had great tact.

Ogaki Castle

Very Defensive Castle built in Sandbank

After that, he started to build his new home base in 1601, which would be called Nobeoka Castle, on a hill in a sandbank which was sandwiched by the Gokasegawa and Osegawa rivers. The Main Tower, Main, Second and Third Enclosures were built on the hill from the top in a tiered form and they are all surrounded by stone walls. However, the Main Tower Enclosure actually did not have the Main Tower building. The sandbank was divided into warriors’ residences, including the castle, and townsmen area, by a moat which can be crossed over by only one bridge. Moreover, the rivers around the sandbank had no bridges at that time, which would be very defensible. If enemies somehow arrived at the Main Gate of the castle at the foot, they would need to pass 5 gates and turn 11 times to reach the top.

“The illustration of Nobeoka Castle in Hyuga Province”, exhibited by the National Diet Library Digital Collections

The greatest stone walls of the castle are the ones called “The one thousand murder stone walls” which is about 19m high. They are the third highest stone walls in the Kyushu Region, following Kumamoto and Kokura Castles. The top two castles were built by great lords under Hideyoshi Toyotomi and Ieyasu Tokugawa, such as Kiyomasa Kato and Tadaoki Hosokawa, who also had much larger territories than Mototane who was just a local lord. In addition, the stone walls were piled using natural stones which would have been impossible to pile to such height, unless an excellent stone wall guild had been invited. Mototae must have had more power and a better connection than we expect. The nickname originates from the scale of the stone walls which would collapse and kill 1,000 soldiers below the walls if the corner base stone was pulled out.

“The one thousand murder stone walls” of Nobeoka Castle

Mototane is suddenly Fired

Mototane was suddenly fired by the shogunate in 1613. He had accommodated his wife’s relative who caused a trouble in the Tsuwano Domain and escaped from it. The domain’s lord, Naomori Sakazaki was monomaniac and sued Mototane in the Shogunate Court. Though it is still uncertain if that really caused such a serious outcome, the fact is that Mototane emerged and left in a short time. His work should be studied more. Nobeoka Castle and the area around it called the Nobeoka Domain were followed by the Arima Clan, which completed the castle building some turrets in 1656. During the peaceful Edo Period, bridges were built over the rivers around the castle and the Drum Tower in the Main Tower Enclosure which announced the time to people. Luckily, no battles happened to the castle until the end of the Edo Period when the Naito Clan took over.

The portrait of Naomori Sakazaki, private owned (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)

To be continued in “Nobeoka Castle Part2”

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