132.Takada Castle Part2

The good contrast of the remaining moats and earthen walls, and the rebuilt turret

Features

Wide and Long Water Moats remain

Now, the ruins of Takada Castle have been developed as the Takada Castle Site Park. The park is also very famous for the illuminated cherry blossoms and the lotus in the Outer Moat credited as “the largest in the East”. As for the castle ruins, the earthen walls of the Main Enclosure, the Inner Moat, and the western part of the Outer Moat mostly remained intact. If you visit the ruins from the west such as Takada Station, you will first see the remaining Outer Moat with a huge amount of lotus plants.

The aerial photo around the castle

The Outer Moat of Takada Castle

Center of Park – Third and Second Enclosures

The Outer Moat is still very large, which was at maximum 130m wide in the past. Even now it remains at about 100m wide. You can now go across the moat on the road to the Third Enclosure and the Second Enclosure inside. The Third Enclosure is used for the modern facilities such as a baseball stadium and an athletic field.

The Third Enclosure over the Outer Moat

The Second Enclosure is the center of the park with a lot of cherry trees. You can walk along the promenade beside the Outer Moat. In fact, the high earthen walls were built along the moat, but they were removed when a Japanese Army started to use the castle ruins.

The promenade in the Second Enclosure

There is also the Joetsu City History Museum in the enclosure where you can learn more about the castle and the area around.

The Joetsu City History Museum

Main Enclosure and Rebuilt Three-Story Turret

The Main Enclosure surrounded by the Inner Moat and the earthen walls have three entrances for visitors. The first one is the former front gate from the restored wooden bridge called Gokuraku-bashi outside on the south.

The restored Gokuraku-bashi Bridge

The second one is the ruins of the Higashi-akazu-mon Gate on the east.

The ruins of the Higashi-akazu-mon Gate

The last one is on the west and was built by the Japanese Army in the modern times.

The entrance of the Main Enclosure in the west

The Three-story Turret was also rebuilt in 1993 on the earthen walls at the southwest corner of the Main Enclosure, based on the successful excavations and studies. The turret is in fact a steel building, but it looks traditional because of the many wooden materials used.

The rebuilt Three-Story Turret on the earthen walls

Its interior is used as a museum and as a sightseeing tower. You can also see a good contrast of the Inner Moat, the earthen walls and the turret from the outside.

The interior of the Three-Story Turret
A view from the Three-Story Turret

The inside of the enclosure was used as the Main Hall for the lord of the castle, and is now used as a school.

The miniature model of the Main Enclosure of Takada Castle (the Joetsu City History Museum)
The inside of the Main Enclosure in the present

To be continued in “Takada Castle Part3”
Back to “Takada Castle Part1”

9.久保田城~Kubota Castle

佐竹氏による土造りの城
The castle made of earth by the Satake Clan

立地と歴史~Location and History

佐竹氏が新しく作った城~New Castle Satake Clan built

佐竹氏は古代の終わり頃から常陸国(現在の茨城県)を拠点としてきました。16世紀後半、彼らは水戸城に住み、その領土は54万8千石もの石高に相当しました(その当時の日本で8番目の大大名)。ところが、1602年に徳川幕府により東北地方の秋田に移されてしまいます。1600年に起こった関ヶ原の戦いにおいて、幕府をはっきりとは支持しなかったからです。その領土は20万石まで削減されましたが、新しい土地で新しい城を築くことを決心しました。それが久保田城でした。
The Satake Clan had been based in Hitachi Province (what is now Ibaraki Prefecture) since around the end of the Ancient times. In the late 16th century, they lived in Mito Castle and their territory was worth as much as an earning of 548 thousand Koku in rice (the 8th largest lord in Japan at that time). However, they were transferred to Akita in Tohoku Region by the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1602, as they didn`t firmly support the Shogunate when Battle of Sekigahara happened in 1600. The size of their territory was reduced (to 200 thousand Koku in rice), but they decided to build their new castle in the new land. This was Kubota Castle.

城の位置~The location of the castle

お家芸だった土の城~Building Castles of earth was their Specialty

久保田城は、旭川沿いの標高40mの神明山の上に築かれました。この城には天守はなく、ほとんどが土造りによるものでした。その理由としては、佐竹氏には石垣や天守を作る技術がなかったからとか、幕府の権威を恐れたためと言われてきました。佐竹氏が秋田に移った当時は、他の大名たちにとっては、石垣と天守がある城を作るのが普通でした。しかしながら、土造りの城を作ることは佐竹氏のお家芸だったのです。その証拠として、水戸城も挙げられます。佐竹氏はそこで技術を進化させ、佐竹氏の後の徳川氏はその土造りの城を最後まで使い続けました。佐竹氏は土造りだけで強力な城を作ることができたのです。
Kubota Castle was built on a 40m high mountain called Shinmei-yama alongside Asahigawa River. The castle was almost all made of earthworks with no Main Tower. It has been said that the reason for it is that Satake had no ability and techniques for building stone walls and a Main Tower, or they feared the Shogunate`s authority. In the same period as Satake moved to Akita, it was usual for other lords to build a castle with stone walls and a Main Tower. However, building a castle of earthworks was the specialty of the Satake Clan. There is evidence also with Mito Castle, Satake Clan improved this technique, and it was used by the Tokugawa Clan following Satake as a castle of earthworks till the end. That meant Satake could build a strong castle using only earthworks.

土造りの水戸城~Mito Castle made of earthworks

自然地形を生かした巧みな配置~Clever Arrangement using Natural Terrain

城の中心部は、内堀に囲まれ、二段になっていました。上段は「本丸」であり、下段は「二の丸」になっていました。中心部の周りは「三の丸」となっていて、外堀に囲まれていました。更には、三の丸の外側且つ川の内側には「西曲輪」「北の丸」が設置されていました。本丸には御殿があり、領主が住んでいました。本丸には5つの門がありましたが、外部からは二の丸を通らなけらば行けないようになっていました。佐竹氏は、自然の地形を生かしながら巧みな配置を行い、20年以上の工事の後、城を完成させました。
The center of the castle had two tiers, surrounded by the inner moat. The upper tier was called “Honmaru” or the Main Enclosure, and the lower tier was called “Ninomaru” or the Second Enclosure. Around the center, there was “Sannnomaru” or the Third Enclosure, surrounded by the outer moat. In addition, “Nishikuruwa” or the Western Enclosure and “Kitanomaru” or the Northern Enclosure were placed outside the Third Enclosure inside the river. The Main Enclosure had the Main Hall where the lord lived, and four turrets instead of the Main Tower. It also had five gates, but anyone from the outside the castle had to go through the Second Enclosure to reach it. Satake complete the castle with clever arrangement and using natural terrain after over 20 year construction.

出羽国秋田郡久保田城画図部分、江戸時代~Part of the illustration of Kubota Castle in Akita District, Dewa Province, the Edo Period(出典:国立公文書館)

佐竹氏は江戸時代の期間中、久保田藩を統治しましたが、その支配は安定しませんでした。秋田は強風地帯であり、藩の民衆は風害による飢饉や、洪水や風雨による被害に苦しみました。これらにより一揆が頻発し、藩は予算不足に陥りました。久保田城も度々火災に見舞われますが、その都度再建されました。
Satake governed their Kubota Domain all through the Edo Period, but their governance was not stable. Akita was a very windy area, so the people of the Domain suffered several famines from dry winds, flood and water damage. It often caused riots, as a result, the Domain lacked resources. Kubota Castle also suffered fires, but was repaired and restored each time.

最後の藩主、佐竹義堯の銅像、千秋公園~The statue of Yoshitaka Satake, the last lord of Kubota Domain

特徴~Features

城周辺の航空写真~The aerial photo of around the castle

城跡の千秋公園へ~To Senshu Park as Castle Ruins

現在、久保田城跡は千秋公園となっています。観光客は通常南から中土橋を通って現存する外堀を渡って三の丸や二の丸に向かいます。過去は東側にある黒門が城の正門でした。二の丸には広い敷地があり、かつては官庁や倉庫などの建物がありました。佐竹史料館では、久保田藩や佐竹氏に関する展示を行っています。
Now, the ruins of Kubota Castle has become Senshu Park. Visitors usually go across the remaining Outer Moat through Nakadobashi Bridge on the south to the Third and Second Enclosures. In the past, Kuro-mon Gate on the east was the front entrance of the castle. The Second Enclosure has a large space where buildings such as offices and warehouses were built. Satake Historical Museum exhibits the histories of Kubota Domain and the Satake Clan.

外堀~The Outer Moat
城に向かう道~The road to the castle
黒門跡~The ruins of Kuro-mon Gate
二の丸~The Second Enclosure

本丸への長い坂~Long Slope to Main Enclosure

本丸へは、「長坂」と呼ばれる長く曲がりくねった階段を通って登っていきます。この場所はとても重要だったため、一部石垣が使われています。「長坂門」という門がちょうど曲がっている箇所に立っていました。階段を登り切った所には、本丸の正門である表門が復元されています。門の傍らには「御物頭御番所」という警護所が城で唯一の現存建物として残っています。
You can walk up to the Main Enclosure through a long and curved stairways called “Nagasaka” or the Long Slope. Stone walls have been partly used, as this spot was very important. A gate called “Nagasaka-mon” stood at the curved part. At the end of the stairways, Omote-mon Gate, the front gate of the Main Enclosure has been restored. There is the guardhouse called “Omono-gashira Gobansho” which is the only remaining building in the castle beside the gate.

長坂~The Long Slope
長坂門跡~The ruins of Nagasaka-mon Gate
復元された表門~The restored Omote-mon Gate
現存している御物頭御番所~The remaining guardhouse

土造りの本丸~Main Enclosure made with Earthworks

本丸の中心には神社と最後の領主の銅像があります。城のようには見えないかもしれませんが、本丸を歩き回ってみれば、城の基礎は土だけですが、とても頑丈にできていることがわかると思います。櫓の一つ、御隅櫓が曲輪の北西角に再建されています。見晴らしをよくするために、元あったものより高く作られています。本丸にはいくつか出入口があるので、登ったり降りたりしてみると、この城がいかに自然の地形をうまく生かしているかが見て取れるでしょう。
The center of the Main Enclosure has a shrine and the statue of the lord of the castle. It may not look like a castle, however if you walk around the Enclosure, you can find the foundation of the castle is made of only earth, but strongly. One of the turrets, Osumi-yagura Turret has been rebuilt at the northwest corner of the Enclosure. It is built much higher than the original one for viewing. The Enclosure has several entrances such as the Back Gate, so you can also walk up and down enjoying how the castle uses natural terrain cleverly.

本丸~The Main Enclosure
再建された御隅櫓~The rebuilt Osumi-Yagura Turret
裏門跡~The ruins of the Back Gate
本丸の土塁~The earthen walls of the Main Enclosure

その後~Later History

明治維新後、久保田城は1872年に秋田県庁舎となりました。この城はまた、秋田県と秋田市の始まりともなったのです。ところが、1880年にほとんどの城の建物は燃えてしまいます。1890年になって以前の領主、佐竹氏が城跡を買い上げ、秋田市に土地を公園として貸し出し、千秋公園と名付けられました。久保田藩の元藩士たちは1892年に公園に桜の苗を寄付しました。そのため、公園は桜の花でも有名になっています。
After the Meiji Restoration, Kubota Castle became the Akita prefectural office in 1872. That meant the castle also was the origin of Akita Prefecture and Akita City. However, most of the castle buildings were burned down in 1880. In 1890, the former lord, Satake Clan bought the castle ruins and lent the land to Akita City as a park named Senshu Park. Former warriors of the Kubota Domain donated cherry plants for the park in 1892, so that’s why the park has also become famous for its cherry blossoms.

御隅櫓と桜~Osumi-Yagura Turret with cherry blossoms(licensed by アラツク via Wikimedia Commons)

私の感想~My Impression

久保田城跡は、かつて近代公園として整備されたため、単なる公園としてしか見えないかもしれません。城跡の基礎部分をよく見れば、本当は土でできた城だとも気付いていただけると思います。この城と、これも佐竹氏が築いた水戸城とを比べてみるのもいいでしょう。秋田県は今、かつては苦しめられた風が強い気候を生かし、風力発電を推進しています。一方、現職(2021年3月現在)の秋田県知事は佐竹氏の子孫の方です。秋田は、伝統と革新の両方を重んじているようです。
You may find the ruins of Kubota Castle just like a park, because they were once developed as a modern park. You can also find the ruins was really a castle made of earth if you look at the foundation of the ruins carefully. It may be a good idea to compare this castle with Mito Castle that the Satake Clan built as well. Akita Prefecture is now developing lots of wind farms using the windy climate that they suffered from in the past. On the other hand, the governor of Akita Prefecture right now (Mar2021) is a descendant of the Satake Clan. I think Akita is trying to take good care of both tradition and innovation.

本丸に登る小径~The trail to the Main Enclosure
秋田県の風力発電所~A wind farm in Akita Prefecture(licensed by 8-Forest via Wikimedia Commons)

ここに行くには~How to get There

城跡までは、JR秋田駅西口から歩いて約10分です。
東京から秋田駅まで:秋田新幹線に乗ってください。
車で行く場合:秋田自動車道の秋田中央ICから約20分です。千秋公園に駐車場があります。
It takes about 10 minutes from the west entrance of JR Akita station to the castle ruins on foot.
From Tokyo to Akita st.: Take the Akita Shinkansen super express.
If you want to go there by car: It takes about 20 minutes from the Akita-Chuo IC on Akita Expressway. Senshu Park offers a parking lot

リンク、参考情報~Links and References

久保田城、秋田市公式サイト(Akita City Official Website)
・「よみがえる日本の城9」学研(Japanese Book)
・「日本の城改訂版第60号」デアゴスティーニジャパン(Japanese Book)

67.津山城~Tsuyama Castle

難攻不落として作られた城です。
The castle built up with impregnable defenses

立地と歴史~Location and History

森忠政が築城~Tadamada Mori built the castle

津山市は中国地方にある岡山県の北側にあります。過去において、この地域は美作国の中心地に当たりました。1603年、徳川幕府は美作国の国主として森忠政をこの地域に送り込みました。彼の領地は津山藩と呼ばれました。彼は鶴山という50mの高さの山上に、史上最強の城を築こうとしました。それが津山城だったのです。
Tsuyama City is located in the northern part of Okayama Prefecture in the Chugoku Region. In the past, the area where the city was located was the center of Mimasaka Province. In 1603, the Tokugawa Shogunate sent Tadamasa Mori to this area as the lord of the province. His territory was called the Tsuyama Feudal Domain. He tried to build the strongest castle ever on a 50m high mountain called Kakuzan. That was Ttsuyama Castle.

城の位置と美作国の範囲~The location of the castle and the range of Mimasaka Province

幕府は既に設立されていたのですが、大坂にいた豊臣氏との緊張関係が非常に高まっていました。豊臣に対抗するため、幕府の大名たちは城を作り強化することを許されたのです。津山城の建設工事は13年続きました。しかし、1616年には中断されます。豊臣氏が1615年に滅亡したからです。
Though the Shogunate was already established then, its relations with the Toyotomi clan in Osaka were very strained. It allowed its lords to build and improve their castle more against the Toyotomi. The construction of Tsuyama Castle lasted for 13 years, but it was stopped in 1616, because Toyotomi was defeated in 1615.

森忠政の銅像~The statue of Tadamasa Mori

3段積み、60の櫓、5層の天守~Three tiers, Sixty turrets and Five-layer Main Tower

忠政は全山を石垣で覆い、3段積みとしそれは「一二三段」と呼ばれました。上段は「本丸」で、真ん中の段が「二の丸」、そして下段が「三の丸」でした。彼はまた、石垣の上に60もの櫓を建設し、それは日本の城の中では最多の部類に属します。それにより、津山城は難攻不落となり、敵は本丸に達するまでに櫓の下の長い道のりを門をくぐり、曲がりくねりながら進まなければなりません。
Tadamasa covered the whole mountain with stone walls like three tiers nicknamed “Hifumi-dan”. The upper tier is called the Main Enclosure or “Honmaru”, the middle one is called the Second Enclosure or “Ninomaru”, and the lower one is called the Third Enclosure or “Sannnomaru”. He also built 60 turrets on these stone walls, which was one of the largest numbers of turrets Japan’s castles had. That made Tsuyama Castle so impregnable that enemies had to go a long way through a gate, and zigzag under the turrets to reach Honmaru

城周辺の起伏地図、3段がくっきり見えます~The relief map around the castle, you can see the three tiers clearly

更には、この城の本丸には5層の天守がありました。通常天守には、「破風」「華頭窓」といった装飾が施されますが、この城の天守は単純に四角い階層を上に向かって逓減するように積み上げただけで、屋根も最低限のものでした。これは当時としては新しい建築法で「層塔式」と呼ばれました。この方式により天守建築はより容易になり、且つ守り易いものともなったのです。
In addition, the castle had the five-layer Main Tower in Honmaru or also called “Tenshu”. Tenshu usually has decorations such as gables or “Hafu” and bell-shaped windows or “Kato-mado”. It had simply square floors diminished towards the top with minimal roofing. It was because of the new method of building Tenshu called multi-storied type or “Soto-shiki”. The method made building Tenshu more efficient and also made the castle and Tenshu easy to protect.

天守を含む津山城の古写真、明治初期、松平国忠撮影~The old photo of Tsuyama Castle including Tenshu, in the early Meiji Period, taken by Kunitada (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)

森氏は1697年に時の領主の個人的問題で改易となってしまいました。その後は松平氏が津山藩と城を幕末まで統治しました。
The Mori clan was removed from the castle in 1697 due to a lord’s personal nature. After that the Matsudaira clan governed Tsuyama Domain and the castle until the end of the Edo Period.

美作国津山城絵図部分、江戸時代~Part of the illustration of Tsuyama Castle in Mimasaka Province, in the Edo Period(出典:国立公文書館)

特徴~Features

城周辺の航空写真~The aerial photo of around the castle

本丸への長い道のり~The long way to Honmaru

現在、津山城跡は、桜で有名な鶴山公園になっています。観光客は通常、南側の入口から公園に入り、石造りの階段を上がっていきます。右の方に曲がると、冠木門跡があります。ここは三の丸の入口であり、第一段目に当たります。実はこの門には過去においても建物はありませんでした。1616年に工事が中止となった後、ここに建物を作ることが許されなかったからです。
Now, the ruins of Tsuyama Castle is used as Kakuzan Park which is also known for cherry blossoms. Visitors usually enter the park from the entrance in the south going up stone stairs. Turning to the right, there are the ruins of Kabuki-mon Gate, the entrance of Sannnomaru, and the first tier. In fact, the gate had no buildings even in the past, as making them were not allowed after the construction stopped in 1616.

鶴山公園の入口~The entrance of Kakuzan Park
冠木門跡~The ruins of Kabuki-mon Gate
三の丸~Sannonaru

次には、二の丸の入口、第二段目に当たる表中門跡へと上っていきます。ここには大きな門の建物がありました。この曲輪に入るには180度曲がって進む必要あります。続く四足門跡は反対向きになっているからです。このように、敵は容易には城に攻め込めないようになっていました。
Next, you can go up to the ruins of Omotenaka-mon Gate, the entrance of Ninomaru, the second tier. There was a huge gate building. You have to turn 180 degrees to enter the enclosure, because the following gate ruins Shisoku-mon are set reversed. That way, enemies were not able to attack the castle easily.

表中門跡~The ruins of Omotenaka-mon Gate,
二の丸入口、もう90度左に曲がる必要があります~The entrance of Ninomaru, you have to turn left at 90 degrees to enter

本丸に達するには、二の丸の狭い敷地を通っていかなければなりません。ここから本丸にある美しく復元された備中櫓を仰ぎ見ることができますが、過去には敵にとって大変な脅威だったことでしょう。
To reach Honmaru, you have to go through a narrow area in Ninomaru. You can look up at the beautiful restored Bicchu Turret of Honmaru. Although it is beautiful, it should have been a threat to enemies in the past.

二の丸から見た備中櫓~Bicchu Turret from Ninomaru
狭い二の丸を振り返って見る~Looking back the narrow Ninomaru

本丸には二の丸のように二つの門と曲がりくねった通路がありましたが、更に強力なものでした。その切手門と表鉄門跡を見ることができます。
Honmaru also had two gates and a zigzagged route like Ninomaru, but could be more defensive. You can also see the ruins of the gates, Kitte-mon and Omote-Kurogane-mon.

切手門跡~The ruins of Kitte-mon gate
本丸の入口、表鉄門~The ruins of Omote-Kurogane-mon gate, the entrance of Honmaru

本丸の見どころ~The highlights of Honmaru

三段目の本丸は広大です。過去には御殿がひしめいていましたが、今は広場になっています。60あった櫓のうち、備中櫓だけが元通りに復元され、一般に公開されています。その内部は意外にも住みやすい感じで、領主か高貴な女性が住んでいたからだろうとのことです。この櫓は、他の櫓とは随分と違っていたようで、だからこそ最初に復元されたのです。
Honmaru, the third tier is spacey. It was packed with a lot of halls, and is an open space now. Only Bicchu Turret out of the 60 turrets has been restored to its original state and is now open to the public. The interior is unexpectedly livable because the lord himself or notable women might have used it. Such a turret was very different from other turrets. That’s why the turret was first restored.

備中櫓の入口~The entrance of Bicchu Turret
備中櫓の内部~The inside of Bicchu Turret

天守については、石垣の天守台が残っています。天守台の天辺からの景色は素晴らしく、最近では石垣の中のハート型の石が有名になっています。
As for the Tenshu, the base stone walls for it still remain. Views from the top of the base are very good, and a heart shaped stone among the stone walls has become popular recently.

天守台~the stone wall base for Tenshu
天守台からの眺め~A view from the base
ハート型の石~The heart shaped stone

本丸の背後もまた石垣になっていて、粟積櫓跡などがあります。山の裏側には自然の地形も残っているように見えます。
The back of Honmaru also has stone walls for turret ruins like Awazumi Turret. It looks like natural terrain remains in the back of the mountain.

山の背後部分~The back of the mountain

その後~Later History

明治維新後、津山城は廃城となり、城の全ての建物は撤去されました。四足門の建物だけが神社に移築され現存しています。その後しばらくして残っていた石垣が崩落し始めました。そこで、津山町は城跡を1900年に所有し、鶴山公園とし、そこに桜を植えたのです。城跡は1963年に国の史跡に指定されました。2005年、備中櫓の建物が元通りに復元されました。
After the Meiji Restoration, Tsuyama Castle was abandoned and all of its buildings were demolished. Only the building of Shisoku-mon Gate was moved to a shrine and remains there to this day. After a while, the remaining stone walls started to collapse, so Tsuyama Town who owned the ruins in 1900 as Kakuzan Park, planted cherry blossoms there. The ruins were designated as a National Historic Site in 1963. In 2005, the building of Bicchu Turret was restored in its original form.

備中櫓と桜~(Bicchu Turret and cherry blossoms (taken by しばやん from PhotoAC)

私の感想~My Impression

このような堅牢な石垣がよい状態で残っていることに驚きました。しかしそれは津山市が石垣を維持するために大変な努力を払っているからなのです。歴史家は、桜の木も石垣を痛めていると言い、いくらかは伐採すべきだと指摘しています。桜の花は観光客にはとても有名であり、解決するには大変悩ましい問題であります。いつかこの問題が解決され、城跡がより良く整備されるよう望みます。
I was so surprised to see that such tough stone walls remain so well. That’s because Tsuyama City has been putting great resources into maintaining the stone walls. Historians point out that the cherry trees also damage them, so some of the trees should be removed. It is too controversial to solve because of their blossoms being very popular for tourists. I hope these issues will be fixed and the ruins will be developed more.

本丸からの眺め~A view from Honmaru

ここに行くには~How to get There

車で行く場合:中国自動車道の津山ICまたは院庄ICから約15分かかります。公園に駐車場があります。
電車で行く場合:JR津山駅から歩いて約10分です。
東京、名古屋または大阪から津山駅まで:新幹線で岡山駅まで行き、津山線に乗り換えてください。
If you want to go there by car: It takes about 15 minutes from the Tsuyama IC or the Innosho IC on Chogoku Expressway. The park offers a parking lot.
If you want to go there by train: It takes about 10 minutes on foot from JR Tsuyama Station.
From Tokyo, Nagoya, or Osaka to Tsuyama Station: Take the Shinkansen super express and transfer to Tsuyama local line at Okayama Station.

リンク、参考情報~Links and References

津山城について(津山市公式サイト)Sightseeing in Tsuyama(Tsuyama City Official Website)
・「石垣の名城完全ガイド/千田嘉博著」講談社(Japanese Book)
・「よみがえる日本の城5」学研(Japanese Book)