82.Ozu Castle Part3

People in Ozu struggled to restore the Main Tower.

Later History

After the Meiji Restoration, Ozu Castle was abandoned and once used as a government office. However, the castle land was eventually sold and the castle buildings were demolished. Four turrets lastly remain as Owata Turret in the Second Enclosure, the Southern Corner Turret in the Third Enclosure, and the two ones in the Main Enclosure. People in Ozu were afraid to lose the castle ruins, so they turned them into a park with peach trees in the Meiji Era.

The remaining Owata Turret in the Second Enclosure
the remaining Southern Corner Turret in the Third Enclosure
The remaining Handrail Turret
The old photo of the Main Enclosure after being planted with peach trees, exhibited in the castle

After World War II, people in Ozu had been thinking about restoring the Main Tower in the original way, while many other Main Towers in Japan were restored in a modern way like Nagoya Castle. This was because many materials for the restoration remained, such as drawings, the frame model of the tower made when it was repaired, and several clear photos taken before it was scraped, which was a very rare case in Japan.

The Main Tower of Nagoya Castle, restored in a modern way
the frame model of the Main Tower of Ozu Castle, used for the restoration, from the signboard at the site

However, there was a big problem with the law. Japan’s Building Standard Act has very strict rules on wooden buildings which are over 13m tall. The original Main Tower of Ozu Castle was over 19m, which meant it couldn’t be restored. The good news came in the 1990’s, the wooden towers in the other castles of Shirakawa-Komine, Kakegawa and Shiroishi were allowed to be restored. Ozu Castle’s Main Tower is the tallest among other towers, but after a long negotiation with the officials, the tower’s restoration was completed in 2004.

The restored wooden three-leveled turret of Shirakawa-Komine Castle
The restored wooden Main Tower of Kakegawa Castle
The restored wooden Main Tower of Shirakawa-Komine Castle
The restored wooden Main Tower of Ozu Castle

My Impression

I think the Main Tower of Ozu Castle is the best one out of the restored Main Towers in Japan. This is because the tower and two remaining turrets both sides are in perfect harmony. In addition, I recommend seeing the castle from the riverside. River traffic was one of the main means of transportation, so the castle’s design was done considering the view from the riverside. You can see a beautiful completely restored appearance of the Main Tower and the collaboration with the turrets.

A view of Hijikawa River from the Main Enclosure
The riverside of Hijikawa River
A view of the Main Tower and the Handrail Turret from around the river

How to get There

If you want to visit the castle by car, it is about 10 minutes away from Minami-Ozu IC on the Matsuyama Expressway. There is a parking lot for visitors in the city area near the castle.
By public transportation, it takes about 25 minutes on foot from the JR Iyo-Ozu Station.
If you go there from Tokyo or Osaka, I recommend traveling by plane or using an express bus.

That’s all. Thank you.
Back to “Ozu Castle Part1”
Back to “Ozu Castle Part2”

116.沼田城(Numata Castle)

沼田城は真田がこだわり続け、しかし最後には失った城です。
Numata Castle is the one that Sanada stuck to strongly, but lost in the end.

沼田城西櫓跡(The ruins of Nishi-Yagura of Numata Castle)

Location and History

群馬県の北部に位置する沼田市は、全国的に河岸段丘の地形で有名です。その高さは、JR沼田駅近くの利根川から70メートル以上になります。市街地はその段丘の上にあり、「天空の城下町」と呼ばれています。
Numata City, in the northern part of Gunma pref., is famous around the whole country for its terrain with river terraces. The height is over 70m higher than Tone River near the JR Numata Station. The urban area of the city is on the top of the terraces and now called “Castle Town in the Sky”.

沼田市の河岸段丘、左側が段状になっている(The river terraces in Numata City, they are on the left side)taken by igamania from photo AC

この辺り一帯が最初に注目されたのは恐らく、戦国時代の16世紀頃、関東地方の支配権を巡って戦った上杉、北条、武田、織田、徳川などの有力戦国大名たちによってだと思われます。沼田地域は、関東地方の北の入り口にあたり、東の東北地方から西の信濃国(現在の長野県)に抜けていく主要街道が通っていました。
The area was probably first focused on in the Warring States Period in the 16th century by major warlords such as the Uesugi, Hojo, Takeda, Oda and Tokugawa clans who battled over the right to rule of the Kanto region . The Numata area was the northern entrance of Kanto and had a main road passing through from the east for Tohoku region to the west for Shinano Province (now Nagano pref.).

城周辺の地図及び起伏地図(A normal and relief map around Numata Castle)



沼田城は最初、土豪の沼田氏によって1532年に段丘の突端に築かれました。しかし、1560年の上杉氏の関東侵攻からは非常に重要な拠点として認識されました。結果的には、戦国時代の終わりにおいては武田氏配下の真田昌幸がこの城を保持していました。1582年には彼の主君である武田氏は滅びてしまうのですが、他の有力大名を差し置いて何とか城を守り抜きました。
Numata Castle was first built on the tip of the terrace in 1532 by the local clan Numata, but the castle became a very important site after the Uesugi’s Kanto invasion in 1560. Eventually, Masayuki Sanada under Takeda held the castle at the end of the Warring States Period. Though his master Takeda was beaten in 1582, he struggled against other major warlords to keep the castle.

真田昌幸像、個人蔵(The portlait of Masayuki Sanada, privately owned)licensed under Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

クライマックスは、1589年に天下人豊臣秀吉の裁断によって、この城が北条氏に引き渡されたときでした。何と真田は、1590年の秀吉の関東侵攻と、北条氏の滅亡により、城の奪還に成功します。この出来事は、北条が約束を破り、真田の名胡桃城を乗っ取ったからだと言われていますが、真相は謎のままです。死人に口なしだからです。
The climax was that the castle was turned over to Hojo in 1589 by the decision of the ruler, Hideyoshi Toyotomi. However, Sanada was successful to get it back after Toyotomi’s Kanto invasion and the fall of Hojo in 1590. It is said that the event was caused due to Hojo breaking the rule and taking Sanada’s Nagurumi Castle. The fact is mysterious because dead men tell no tales.

名胡桃城跡(The ruins of Nagurumi Castle)licensed by Qurren via Wikimedia Commons

その後、昌幸の息子、真田信之が徳川の下につき、この城を引き継ぎ1600年前後に天守の建築を含め完成させました。この天守は、将軍がいる江戸城を除いては関東地方で唯一の5層の天守でした。
After that, Masayuki’s son Nobuyuki Sanada under Tokugawa inherited and completed the castle with building the castle Tenshu keep around 1600. The Tenshu was the only five-story one in Kanto region, excluding Edo Castle owned by the Shogun.

上野国沼田城絵図部分、江戸時代(Part of the illustration of Numata Castle in Kozuke Province in Edo Period)|出典:国立公文書館

1658年に、真田一族の中でこの城の相続を巡ってお家騒動が起こりました。徳川幕府は、真田の分家である信利を沼田藩として、信濃国松代にあった真田本家より独立させる決定をしました。
There was internal trouble in the Sanada clan over the inheritance of the castle in 1658. The Tokugawa Shogunate decided to make the branch Sanada, Nobutoshi separate from the head Sanada in Matsushiro, Sinano Province as the Numata Domain.

真田信利肖像画、加納永泰筆、大法院蔵(The Portrait of Nobutoshi Sanada, attributed to Eitai Kano, ownd by Daihoin)licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons

信利は、幕府から困難な課役を引き受け、真田本家に対抗するため豪華な屋敷も造営しました。その結果沼田藩の領民は重い年貢に苦しみました。そして信利は、両国橋再建の資材調達に失敗したのと、農民の茂左衛門の幕府への直訴により、1681年に改易となってしまいました。ついには、真田があれほどまでこだわった沼田城は、1682年に幕府により完全に破壊されたのです。
Nobutoshi accepted hard tasks from Shogunate and built luxurious halls against the head Sanada. The result was that people in Numata Domain suffered from high taxes. Nobutoshi was fired in 1681 inspired by his failure of preparing materials for the Ryogoku Bridge rebuilding and the direct appeal to Shogunate by a farmer called Mozaemon. At last, Numata Castle that Sanada were so much devoted to, was completely destroyed by Shogunate in 1682.

天守があったと思われる場所(The place where there seemed be Tenshu)

Features

現在沼田城の城跡は、沼田公園として使われています。そこには美しい花々や木々による庭園があるのですが、西櫓の石垣が掘り出されたのと、復元された時計台が残っているのみです。
Now, the ruins of Numata castle have been turned into a park called the Numata Park. Though it has a beautiful flowers and trees garden, only unearthed stone walls of the west turret and the restored clock tower remain.

沼田公園(Numata Park)
掘り出された西櫓石垣(The unearthen stone walls of the west turret)
復元された時計台(The restored clock tower)

Later Life

真田の城が撤去された後、土岐氏などの大名が江戸時代の間この地域を支配しましたが、藩庁のための建物が設置されたのみでした。明治維新後その建物も撤去され、堀は埋められました。幸いだったのは元藩士の久米民之助が城跡を買い上げ、市に公園として寄付したことでした。
After Sanada’s castle was demolished, some lords like the Toki clan governed the area in the Edo Period. They just had a few office halls to govern. After the Meiji Restoration, the buildings of the castle were removed, and moats were filled. The good thing was that a former warrior Taminosuke Kume bought the ruins and donated them to the city for a park.

公園からの眺め(A view from the park)

現在、2016年に人気が出たNHK大河ドラマ「真田丸」が放送された後、沼田市には天守を復元できないか検討している人たちがいます。そのドラマは、真田氏、主には信之の弟、真田信繁の人生を描いたもので、信繁は大坂城で豊臣のために徳川と戦ったことで有名です。(真田氏は意図的に徳川方と豊臣方に分かれていました。)ドラマでは、沼田も取り上げられており、そのことが沼田市の観光振興にも寄与しました。
Now, some people in this city are considering how they could restore the Tenshu after a popular NHK drama called “Sanada-Maru” aired in Japan in 2016. The drama was about the lives of the Sanada clan, mainly about Nobushige Sanada, Nobuyuki’s little brother, famous for the fights with Tokugawa for Toyotomi in Osaka Castle. (Sanada clan were divided into Tokugawa and Toyotomi on purpose.) The drama which also featured Numata, led to an increase in tourism for the city.

現地案内板にある天守の想像図(The imaginary drawing of Tenshu on the sign board at the site)

市の人たちは、近い将来に人気が衰えてしまうのを心配しているようです。そして天守のような新しいシンボルを模索しており、白石城のような成功事例を視察したりしています。
People in the city seem worried about the decrease in the near future. They are searching for a new symbol like the Tenshu, and researching successful cases such as the Shiroishi Castle.

復元された白石城(The restored Shiroishi Castle)

しかしながら実現にはいくつもの大きな問題があります。まず、早々に城が破壊されたため天守の詳細が全くわかりません。現在のところ本丸石垣と、金箔瓦や什器などいくつかの品が発掘されたのみです。加えて文化庁が各地方自治体に明確な根拠なしに歴史的建造物を安易に復元しないよう指導している事情もあります。次として莫大な予算が必要です。もし天守を伝統的木造建築のスタイルで再建する場合、市の年間一般会計予算に匹敵する資金が必要となります。実に悩ましい問題です。
However, there will be big problems that come with it. At first, the details are not clear at all because of the castle being destroyed. Stone walls of Honmaru, and few items like roof tiles with gold leaf and utensils have been excavated so far. In addition, the Agency for Cultural Affairs instructs local governments not to restore historical buildings without clear evidence. Secondly it needs a large budget. If they ever decide to construct the Tenshu in a traditional wooden style, it will require a fund as much as their annual general budget. That is too controversial.

発掘された本丸石垣(The excavated stone walls of Honmaru)

市は、自らを「真田の里」として売り出しています。これからどんな展開になるか注目したいと思います。
The city is also trying to identify itself as “Sanada’s Hometown”. I will keep watching what they are doing now.

My Impression

人気を維持するためまず考えられるのは、大坂城上田城、名胡桃城、岩櫃城など真田にまつわる城や城跡を持つ自治体と連携してイベントを開くことだと思います。
To keep the population, I think that a reasonable idea is holding events together with other municipalities having relative castles and ruins to Sanada such as Osaka, Ueda, Nagurumi and Iwabitsu.

大坂城(Osaka Castle)
上田城(Ueda Castle)

そして、可能性がある方法としては、発掘の結果を基に門か櫓を再建することです。例えば、鉢形城などが類似のケースでしょう。
Then, one possible solution could be rebuilding a gate or a turret based on excavation. There are similar cases, for example in Hachigata.

鉢形城の再建された門(The rebuilt gate in Hachigata Castle)

もう一つの可能性として、大分府内城のようにLEDを使って仮想天守の姿を創り出してはいかがでしょう。
For another possibility, how about creating the image of virtual Tenshu with LED like Oita-Funai.

大分府内城の仮想天守(The virtual Tenchu in Oita-Funai Castle)taken by ぴょんにゃん from photo AC

But if they actually want to construct a real Tenshu building, they might have to be prepared for using it as their office hall.
でも、もし本当に本物の天守を作りたいのであれば、市役所の建物に使うくらいの覚悟が必要なのではないでしょうか。

How to get There

沼田城跡に行くには車が便利です。関越自動車道の沼田ICから約10分です。電車を使う場合は、JR沼田駅から歩いて約20分かかります。河岸段丘の急坂を登っていく必要がありますが、それも面白いかもしれません。
東京から沼田駅まで:上越新幹線に乗って高崎まで行き、上越線に乗り換えてください。
It is useful to access Numata Castle Ruins by car. It takes about 10 minutes from Numata IC on Kan-Etsu Expressway. When using train, it takes about 20 minutes on foot from JR Numata Station. It needs to climb up a steep hill on the river terraces, but it may be interesting.
From Tokyo to Numata Station: Take the Jo-Etsu Shinkansen super express to Takasaki, then transfer to Jo-Etsu local line.

Links and References

沼田市観光協会(Numata Tourism Association)
・沼田市議会新政同志会平成29年第1回会派調査・研修報告(Japanese Document)

13.白河小峰城(Shirakawa-Komine Castle)

白河駅から見た白河小峰城(A view of Shirakawa-Komine Castle from Shirakawa Station)

Location and History

現在白河市となっている地域は、日本の東北地方の入り口でありました。古代にはこの地域には、現代においてもよく知られている白河の関がありました。中世にはこの地域にはいくつか城が築かれましたが、白河小峰城はそのうちの一つでした。江戸時代になって、丹羽氏がこの城を治め、御三階櫓と呼ばれた三層の櫓を含め城を完成させました。御三階櫓は14mの高さがあり、その大きさからは事実上の「天守」と言っていいものでした。
The area now called Shirakawa city was the entrance of the Tohoku district in Japan. In the Ancient Ages, the area had the Shirakawa Barrier which is very famous even now. In the Middle Ages, several castles were built in this area, one of them was the Shirakawa-Komine Castle. In the Edo Period, the Niwa clan took over and completed the castle including the three story turret called “Gosankai-Yagura”. Gosankai-Yagura was so large that it could actually be the castle keep “Tenshu” which was 14m tall.

奥州白河城絵図部分、江戸時代(Part of the illustration of Shirakawa Castle in Oshu District in Edo Period)|出典:国立公文書館

城主は丹羽氏から松平氏など他の大名に何度か変わりました。明治維新のとき、白河口の戦いがこの城の周辺で、新政府軍と旧幕府軍の間で起こりました。幕府軍は新式の装備を備えた政府軍に敗れ去りました。そしてこの城は破壊され、御三階櫓もまた焼け落ちたのです。
The lords of the castle changed from Niwa to others such as the Matsudaira clan. During the Meiji Restoration, the Battle of Shirakawaguchi took placed between the new Government Amy and the former Shogunate Amy around the castle. The Shogunate Amy was beaten by the Government Amy with modern equipment, and the castle was destroyed. Gosankai-yagura was also burned down.

破壊された白河小峰城(The destroyed Shirakawa-Komine Castle)licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons

Features

それでも今なお、元の御三階櫓と全く同じ木造建築を見ることができています。
We can still see the wooden building exactly the same as the original Gosankai-Yagura.

復元された御三階櫓(The restored Gsankai-Yagura)

それは、一時期城主だった松平定信が詳細な図面を作成させ、それが幸運にも現代に残っているからです。それに加えて白河市が、元来の工法で櫓を再建することを決断したからです。
That’s because the once lord Sadanobu Matsudaira ordered to make drawings of the castle in details and they luckily still remain. In addition, officials decided to rebuild the building in the original way.

松平定信自画像(The self-portlait of Sadanobu Matsudaira)licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedea Commons

ビジターは中に入ることができます。中はどちらかというと狭く、暗く、階段は急です。それは元通りに作られ、そもそも戦いのための建物だったからなのですが。案内係の方が安全に見て回れるよう誘導してくれます。また、城の周りを囲む石垣も見ものです。この石垣は、2011年の東日本大震災でかなり崩れてしまったのですが、現時点では復旧しています。
Visitors can enter inside. The inside is rather narrow, dark and the stairs are steep as it is made in the old style and originally made for battles. Official instructors will guide you in order to look around safely. It is also recommended to see stone walls surrounding the castle. These walls partly collapsed due to the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011. But they have already been restored now.

石垣とその向こうに見える御三階櫓(The stone walls with Gosankai-Yagura over there)

Later Life

明治時代、城跡は公園に転用され、そこには野球場が建設されました。しかし、昭和時代の後半になって、市民の多くの要望により白河市は城跡の整備方針を変更しました。城を往時の状態のまま復元できないか考え始めたのです。それは、大型の城郭建築物を再建する方法としては、現代日本において初めての試みでした。
In the Meiji Era, the ruins of the castle were turned into a park in which the baseball stadium was constructed. But in the late Showa Era, officials changed its policy of developing the ruins because of a lot of request from citizens. They were wondering if the castle would be restored to the original condition. That would be the first attempt in the way large castle buildings are rebuilt in present day Japan.

1970年代の城周辺の航空写真(The aerial photo of the area around the castle in 1970s)


しかし、そこには大きな法的制約がありました。日本の建築基準法は高さ13mを超える木造建築物に厳しい規制を課していました。この法に従えば、白河小峰城の櫓のような新築で大型の、且つ伝統的工法の木造建築物は作れないことになっているのです。そこで白河市は櫓の復元を続けるにあたって、それを建築物ではなく、法で認められる工作物として届け出ました。そして1991年に復元は完成したのです。
However, there was a big problem with the law. Japan’s Building Standard Act has very strict restrictions on wooden buildings which are over 13m tall. According to this law, new large old-style wooden buildings like the Shirakawa-Komine castle turret are not allowed to be built. So officials continued the restoration of the turret as not a building, but a structure that would be allowed by the law. It was completed in 1991.

復元された御三階櫓(The restored Gsankai-Yagura)

ところが新たな問題が発生しました。国の当局が、櫓は「建築物」ではないのだからビジターを櫓のほとんどの場所には入れてはいけないと言ってきたのです。最終的には1993年に建築基準法に歴史的建築物に対する例外規定が追加され、御三階櫓は全て公開されることになったのです。
But another problem occurred as the government made the most part of the turret inaccessible visitors, because it was not “a building”. At last, the law had the provisions to be exempt for historical buildings in 1993. The three story turret Gosankai-yagura was finally open to visitors.

御三階櫓を見上げる(Looking up Gosankai-Yagura)

My Impression

本当に白河市の職員、市民の方々の成果に対しては尊敬の念を抱きます。その真摯な努力は、日本の城郭維持の新しい方法への流れを導いたと言えます。白河小峰城のケースは、その後続く白石城、掛川城、大洲城などの「平成の木造復元ブーム」のさきがけとなったのです。
I really respect the achievement of the officials and people in Shirakawa City. Their great effort led to the movement towards new methods for maintaining castles in Japan. The case of Shirakawa-Komine Castle was the pioneer of “The boom of wooden restoration in the Heisei era” followed by other castles such as Shiroishi, Kakegawa, Ozu and so on.

復元された掛川城(The restored Kakegawa Castle)taken by Oshiro-man from photo AC
復元された大洲城(The restored Ozu Castle)

How to get There

白河小峰城は、JR白河駅からすぐ近くです。白河駅のプラットフォームからも御三階櫓の素晴らしい眺めを見ることができます。
東京から白河駅まで:東北新幹線で新白河駅まで行き、東北本線に乗り換え。次の駅が白河駅です。
The castle is very near the JR Shirakawa station. You can even see the nice view of Gosankai-yagura from the platform.
From Tokyo to the station: Get the Tohoku Shinkansen super express to the Shin-Shirakawa st., and transfer to the Tohoku Line. The destination will be the next station.

白河駅のプラットフォームからの眺め(A view from the platform of Shirakawa Station)

Links and References

小峰城跡【こみねじょうあと】 | 白河市公式ホームページ(City of Shirakawa)
埋木帖~城の復元と法令① 白河小峰城三重櫓(only Japanese)