The castle for the western defense of the Hojo Clan
Location and History
Western Defense for Hojo Clan
Yamanaka Castle was located on the west of Hakone Barrier, the western gateway of Kanto Region, now in the eastern part of Shizuoka Prefecture. The castle was first built in the middle 16th Century during the Sengoku Period by the Hojo Clan, who owned Kanto Region. The clan aimed to protect their home base, Odawara Castle on the eastern side of Hakone Barrier, by building Yamanaka Castle. This castle was also improved before the ruler, Hideyoshi Toyotomi, attacked the Hojo Clan in 1590.
The location of the castle
Yamanaka Castle was built surrounding the Tokaido Road, one of the major roads in Japan. During that time, if someone walked up the slope on the road from the west, it would require passing through the castle. The road was actually on the Third Enclosures of the castle, and beside the Main Enclosure. The Third Enclosure also had water moats on the west to prevent enemies’ attacks and was for the water reservoir. On the south of the Third Enclosure, a long defense strongpoint called “Taizaki-demaru” spread with the road parallelly. On the west of the Third Enclosure, the Second Enclosure, the West Enclosure, and the West Turret were added towards that direction. These enclosures were able to work closely to prevent attacks from enemy forces.
The location map of the ruins of Yamanaka Castle (from the signboard at the site)
Hojo’s Unique Methods for building Castle
The techniques used in the castle were unique to the Hojo Clan. All the enclosures were made of earthworks, using natural terrain such as ridges and valleys. They were mainly connected by wooden bridges which could fall down when a battle happened. They were also divided by deep dry moats whose bottoms were left parallel or as latticed ridges. The method for building the moats is called “Une-bori” for the parallel ridges and “Shoji-bori” for the latticed ridges. These dry moat building methods are considered features of the Hojo’s castles. Once soldiers fell into the moat, they couldn’t move from there at all. The area of the castle reached about 200,000 square meters. Hojo thought the castle could make Hideyoshi stuck for a while.
“Une-bori” for the parallel ridges“Shoji-bori” for the latticed ridges
Fall in Battle of Yamanaka Castle
However, the castle was captured by Hideyoshi in just half a day. In the early morning, March 29, 1590, nearly 70,000 soldiers of Hideyoshi’s troop started to attack the castle, while the number of the defenders was only about 4,000. The attackers first charged both the West Turret and the Taizaki-Demaru defense strongpoint, but they suffered a significant number of casualties by the counterattack of Hojo’s guns. If it was a local battle, the attacker might have paused the charge to prevent more damages. However, the commanders forcibly continued to charge, otherwise, they might have been fired by the ruler. That resulted in the success of capturing the castle for Hideyoshi in exchange for a lot of dead soldiers including one of the Hideyoshi’s commander, Naosue Hitotsuyanagi.
The Portrait of Hideyoshi Toyotomi, attributed to Mitsunobu Kano, ownd by Kodaiji Temple (licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)
This battle lasted for a few hours. It is said that another reason for the short battle was that Hojo’s soldiers were confused because their head, Ujikatsu Hojo, escaped from the castle. Others point out that the Taizaki-Demaru defense strongpoint was unfinished in construction before Hideyoshi’s attack. Anyway, even such a strong castle couldn’t survive without enough soldiers and the right instructions.
掛川城天守と二の丸御殿（The Tenshu and Ninomaru Mail Hall of Kakegawa Castle）
Location and History
掛川市は静岡県の中央に位置しています。日本の主要街道である東海道が古代よりこの地を通っています。掛川城は最初は戦国時代の初期に築かれ、すぐに戦国大名にとって重要な城となりました。それ以来、今川氏、武田氏、徳川氏といった戦国大名が、この城を手に入れ周りの地域を支配するために鎬を削りました。Kakegawa City is located in the middle of Shizuoka prefecture. Tokaido, one of the major routes in Japan passes through this city since the Ancient Ages. The Kakegawa Caste was first built in the Civil War Period, and quickly became an important site for warlords. Since then, warlords such as the Imagawa, Takeda, Tokugawa clans battled each other to get the castle and govern the area around it.
掛川城の位置（The location of Kakegawa Castle）
戦国時代末期になって、天下人の豊臣秀吉によって、山内一豊がこの城に移されてきました。一豊は、城の大改修を行い、天守を建築し、合わせて城下町も整備しました。最盛期には、この城は総延長で３４５０メートルもの水堀に囲まれていました。 At the end of the Civil War Period, Kazutoyo Yamanouchi was transferred to this castle by Hideyoshi Toyotomi, the ruler of the whole country. Yamanouchi renovated the castle including the build of the keep “Tenshu” and the castle town. At its highest point, the castle was surrounded by water moats of 3450m long in total.
遠州掛川城絵図部分、江戸時代（Part of the illustration of Kakegawa Castle in Enshu Province in Edo Period）｜出典：国立公文書館
一豊はこの城に１０年間居ましたが、今度は土佐国、今の高知県に移されました。彼は再び現在の高知市に高知城を築いたのですが、その天守は「御城築記」という古書によれば、掛川城に似せて作られたといいます。 He stayed at the castle for about 10 years, and was transferred again to Tosa Province, now Kochi prefecture. He also built Kochi castle in now Kochi City and its Tenshu was designed similar to Kakegawa’s design according to an old document called “Oshiro-Chikuki”.
山内一豊肖像画、土佐山内家宝物資料館蔵（The Portrait of Kazutoyo Yamanouchi, ownd by Tosa Yamauchi Family Treasury and Archives）licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons
その後、掛川城の城主は何回も変わったのですが、城主たちは江戸時代を通じて城を維持してきました。ところが、１８５４年に安政地震が発生し、天守を含む城のほとんどの建物が崩壊しました。掛川藩の藩士たちは、天守を再建せず、その代わりに藩庁として二の丸御殿を造営しました。 After that, though the lords of Kakegawa castle ware changed many times, they all kept the castle through the Edo Period. However, the Ansei Great Earthquakes happened in 1854, and most of the castle’s buildings collapsed including Tenshu. Warriors of the Kakegawa domain didn’t rebuilt Tenshu instead of building the Ninomaru main hall for their government office.
二の丸御殿全景（A whole view of Ninomaru Main Hall）licensed by shikabane taro via Wikimedia Commons
Features
現在では、二の丸御殿と天守の両方を見ることができます。二の丸御殿は、日本でわずか４つしか残っていない大名御殿の一つとなります（他には二条、高知、川越）。この御殿が完成した直後に明治維新を迎えてしまい、武士による統治の時代が終わってしまいました。そして御殿は、学校、役場、農協、更には消防署にまで転用されてきました。御殿が史跡として認知されたのは比較的最近で、１９８０年に重要文化財に指定されました。 Now we can see both of the Ninomaru main hall and the Tenshu. Ninomaru main hall is one of the only four remaining lords’ main halls in Japan. (The others are Nijo, Kochi and Kawagoe.) Immediately after the completion of the hall, the Meiji Restoration had come and the governance of warriors ended then. The hall was turned into a school, a city hall, an agricultural cooperative, and even a fire station. It is relatively recent that the hall was regarded as a historical site, and designated as an important cultural property in 1980.
現存する二の丸御殿と復元天守（The remaining Ninomaru Main Hall and restored Tenshu）
Later Life
一方でこの城は安政地震以来、天守のない状態が長く続きました。その代わりに１９０７年に日露戦争の戦死者を弔うために、天守台に観音菩薩像が設置されました。掛川市の行政と市民たちは、天守の再建を熱望してきましたが、予算不足のために実現できませんでした。しかし突然状況が変わりました。約３０年前にある婦人がこの市に移住してきたのですが、市の方針である「生涯学習都市」に共感し、多額の寄付を申し出ました。これをきっかけに市は、天守をただ再建するだけではなく、それを伝統的な木造建築で復元することを決断しました。 On the other hand, the castle had no Tenshu for a long time since the Ansei Earthquakes. Instead the statue of Kannon Bodhisattva was placed on the ruin of Tenshu base in 1907 to pray for fallen soldiers of the Russo-Japanese War. The city officials and citizens longed to rebuild the Tenshu, but they couldn’t because of a lack of funds. The situation suddenly changed when a woman moved to the city about 30 years ago. She agreed with the city’s policy of “Lifelong Learning City”, and donated a large sum of money. This made the city officials decide to not only rebuild Tenshu but also restore it in traditional wooden style.
復元された掛川城天守（The restored Kakegawa Castle Tenshu）taken by Oshiro-man from photo AC
その復元にはいくつか問題がありました。一つには、天守を描いた絵図はいくつかあったのですが、詳細は不明だったことです。この問題を解決するために、設計者は掛川城と似ているであろう現存している高知城の設計を参考にしました。また、好条件だったのは、天守周辺の地区は史跡に指定されていなかったため、新しい天守を比較的に自由に設計することができました。建築基準に適合するため、石垣を作り直し、基礎構造の強化を行いました。反面、残っていた元の石垣は撤去されてしまいました。 There were some problems about it. One of them was that several drawing pictures of the Tenshu remain, but details are unclear. To solve the problem, the designers use the plan of the remaining Kochi castle Tenshu that should be similar to Kakegawa. In addition, the good news were that they were able to design the new Tenshu comparatively freely, because the area around Tenshu was not designated as a historical site. They were able to both build it to code and remake the stone walls to strengthen the general structure. Whereas, the ruin of original stone wall were removed unfortunately.
現存する高知城天守（The remaining Kochi Castle Tenshu）taken by 眠鯨 from photo AC
これは明治時代以来、最初の木造による天守復元の事例で、１９９４年に完成しました。この復元により、掛川市にすばらしいシンボルがもたらされ、毎年約１０万人の観光客を呼び込んでいます。 This was the first case of the restoration for wooden Tenshu since the Meiji Era with the completion in 1994. The campaign was successful to have the great symbol of the city, and attract around 100,000 tourists into the city every year.
天守遠景（A distant view of Tenshu）
My Impression
１つの場所で天守と大名御殿の両方を見ることができるのは珍しく、その場所は掛川城と高知城のみです。掛川城の天守と二の丸御殿は１枚チケットを買えば両方入れます。天守はまだ新しいですが、大型木造建築の優れた技巧を見ることができます。 It is very rare to see both of a Tenshu and a lord’s main hall at one site. Only Kakegawa and Kochi castles can offer them. You can enter both of Kakegawa Castle’s Tenshu and Ninomaru main hall for one ticket. The Tenshu is still new, but you will see the great technique of a large wooden building.
天守近景（A close view of Tenshu）天守の内部（An inside view of Tenshu）
二の丸御殿は古くて重要な遺産なのですが、リラックスした雰囲気があります。庭園に面していくつか畳の間がありますが、座れる所があります。多くの伝統的な日本家屋がそうであるように、この御殿にもとても心地いい自然の風通しがあります。特に、夏の間はとても涼しく心地よく感じます。 The Ninomaru mail hall is old and an important heritage, but it has a relaxed atmosphere. There are several tatami rooms facing its garden where you may partly be seated. The hall has a good natural ventilation like many other traditional Japanese buildings. In particular, you can feel cool and comfortable during the summer.
ＪＲ掛川駅から歩いて１０分程です。 東京から掛川駅まで：東海道新幹線に乗れば、直接掛川駅に着きます。 It takes about 10 minutes on foot from the JR Kakegawa station. From Tokyo to the station: Take the Tokaido Shinkansen super express direct to Kakegawa st.
