38.Iwamura Castle Part3

Be careful choosing your parking spot.

Features

Going to Main Enclosure, Center of Castle

The map around the Main Enclosure

From the Eastern Enclosure, you can enter the Main Enclosure by passing through two gate ruins and the Nagatsubone Enclosure between them.

The past Eastern Enclosure (front) and Nagatsubone Enclosure (back), drawn in the signboard at the site
The present Eastern Enclosure
The Nagatsubone-uzumi-mon Gate Ruins, the entrance of the Nagatsubone Enclosure
The long and narrow Nagatsubone Enclosure
The Front Gate Ruins of the Main Enclosure, the exit of the Nagatsubone Enclosure
The Front Gate Ruins seen from the inside of the Main Enclosure

The inside of the Main Enclosure is a square now. You can see from there views of the city area far away and the castle area around such as the Demaru Enclosure which also protected the Main Enclosure, but it is now used as a parking lot.

The past Main Enclosure, drawn in the signboard at the site
The inside of the Main Enclosure
A view from the Main Enclosure
The past Demaru Enclosure, drawn in the signboard at the site
A view of the Demaru Enclosure seen from the Main Enclosure
A side view of the Demaru Enclosure

You can also see the Uzumi-mon Gate Ruins which is the entrance from the Second Enclosure. It is interesting to see the stones on the steps are all cut in the shape of a triangle.

The past Uzumi-mon Gate, drawn in the signboard at the site
The Uzumi-mon Gate Ruins
The stones on the steps cut in the shape of a triangle

Later History

After the Meiji Restoration, Iwamura Castle was abandoned and all the buildings of the castle excluding the Main Hall at the foot were demolished. The hall was also burned by a fire in 1881. Iwamura History Museum opened in 1972 at the site of the former hall and part of the hall was also restored in 1990. On the mountain side, Ena City, which owns the ruins, recently excavated and researched them to develop and preserve them. The city aims to someday make the ruins designated as a National Historic Site.

Iwamura History Museum
The partly restored Main Hall (taken by HiC from photoAC)

My Impression

When I visited the ruins of Iwamura Castle, I made a mistake choosing my parking spot. I wanted to walk around the ruins from the foot to the top. However, my car navigation system led me to the parking lot near the top automatically. Therefore, I had to climb down to the foot first, then I returned back to the top. For visitors who want to see the entire ruins should park at the foot. If you want to see only the great stone walls on the top, you can park at the Demaru Enclosure, which is few minutes on foot from the Main Enclosure on the top.

The parking lot in the Demaru Enclosure
The Six Tier Stone Walls near the top

How to get There

I recommend using a car when you visit the castle ruins.
It is about a 20-minute drive away from Ena IC on the Chuo Expressway. There are two parking lots near the top and at the foot of the ruins
If you want to use public transportation, It takes about 30 minutes on foot from Iwamura Station on the Akechi Railway to arrive at the foot.
To get to Iwamura Station from Tokyo or Osaka: Take the Tokaido Shinkansen super express, transfer to the Chuo Line at Nagoya Station and transfer to the Akechi Railway at Ena Station.

That’s all. Thank you.
Back to “Iwamura Castle Part1”
Back to “Iwamura Castle Part2”

12.若松城~Wakamatsu Castle

この城の天守は東北地方唯一の5層天守です。
Its Main Tower has been the only five-layer one in Tohoku Region.

若松城の外観復元天守~The apparently restored Tenshu keep of Wakamatsu Castle

立地と歴史~Location and History

葦名氏が築城~Ashina clan first built it

現在の福島県の会津地域は、鉄道や自動車が普及する以前は交通の要地でした。戦国時代にはこの地域を巡って葦名氏と伊達氏がしのぎを削りました。葦名氏が最初に、恐らくは後の若松城と同じところに黒川城を築きました。城は会津盆地の低台地の西端にあり、その南北を二つの川に挟まれていました。
The Aizu area in now Fukushima Prefecture was an important point for transportation before the rise in trains and automobiles. In the “Sengoku” or Warring States Period, the Ashina clan and the Date clan battled each other over the area. Ashina first built Kurokawa Castle probably at the same place as later Wakamatsu Castle. The castle was on the western edge of a mild plateau in Aizu Basin sandwiched by two rivers in the north and south directions.

福島県の地図、深緑部分が会津地域~The map of Fukushima Prefecture, the part of dark green is Aizu area(licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons)

城の位置~The location of the castle

蒲生氏郷が天守を建設~Ujisato Gamo constructed Tenshu

1590年、天下人の豊臣秀吉は「奥州仕置」を宣言し、東北地方で彼の裁量による領地の配分を行い、黒川城にやってきました。秀吉はそのとき領主であった伊達からこの城を取り上げ、配下の蒲生氏郷に与えました。氏郷は城の大改修を始め、東北地方では初めて石垣を使った台上に天守を築き、城の名前を「若松」と改めました。更に、この天守は7層の建物であったと言われ、きっとこの地方の人たちを驚かせたことでしょう。
In 1590, the ruler Hideyoshi Toyotomi declared “Oshu-Shioki” which refers to the assessment of his territorial ownership in Tohoku Region, and came to Kurokawa Castle. He took the castle away from Date, the lord of it then, and gave it his men, Ujisato Gamo. Gamo started the renovation of it, built the first “Tenshu” or Main Tower on its base using stone walls for the region, and renamed the castle “Wakamatsu”. It is said that the Tenshu was even a seven-layer building that must have surprised people in the region.

蒲生氏郷肖像画、会津若松市立会津図書館蔵~The portrait of Ujisato Gamo, owned by Aidu Wakamatsu Library(licensed under Public Domain via Wikimeidia Commons)

加藤氏が新天守と出丸で強化~Kato clan improved it with new Tenshu and Demaru

城の後継の領主、加藤氏もまた城を強化しました。加藤は地震で傾いていた天守を5層の新しい天守に置き替え、天守がある「本丸」は高石垣と堀に囲まれていました。加藤はまた「出丸」と呼ばれる強力な防御拠点を、本丸を守るためその北方と西方に築きます。この城には「二の丸」や「三の丸」といった曲輪が東方にあり、自然の障壁として湯川がありました。その上に、総構えと呼ばれる外堀、土塁と16つの門から成る外郭があり、その外周は約6kmでした。
The following lord of the castle, the Kato clan also improved it. Kato replaced the Tenshu, which had leaned due to an earthquake, with a new five-layer one at “Honmaru” enclosure that were surrounded by high stone walls and moats. They also built the defense strongpoints called “Damaru” in the north and west to protect Honmaru. The castle had other enclosures such as “Ninomaru” and “Sannonaru” in the east, and a natural hazard as Yukawa River. Moreover, the castle had an outline called “Sou-Gamae” with outer moats, earthen walls and 16 gates whose perimeter wad about 6 km.

若松正保城絵図、福島県立博物館蔵、江戸時代~The illustration of Wakamatsu Castle in Shoho Era, owned by Fukushima Prefectural Museum, in the Edo Period(福島県資料より引用)

若松城が標的に~Wakamatsu Castle was targeted

その後、松平氏が長年城と町を統治していました。彼らは精強さと徳川幕府への忠誠で知られていました。そのため幕末の京都において反体制者と戦うことになります。最後の領主、松平容保は幕府から京都守護職に任命され、孝明天皇からも信頼されました。ところが状況が変わり、長州藩、薩摩藩といった反体制側が今後は明治天皇のもと新政府となってしまったのです。新政府は幕府が降伏した後は、容保がいる会津藩を罰しようとしました。その標的が若松城でした。
After that, Matsudaira clan governed the castle and town for many years. They were known for strength and their loyalty to the Tokugawa Shogunate. That made them fight with dissidents in Kyoto at the end of the Edo Period. The last lord, Katamori Matsudaira was assigned for the Military Governor of Kyoto by the Shogunate, and supported by Emperor Komei. However, the situation was changed, the dissidents such as the Choshu and Satsuma Domains became the New Government under Emperor Meiji instead. The government tried to punish the Aizu Domain under Katamori after the surrender of the Shogunate. Its target was Wakamatsu Castle.

松平容保写真、会津若松市蔵~The photo of Katamori Matsudaira, owned by Aizu-Wakamatsu City(licensed under Public Domain via Wikimeidia Commons)

出丸が敵を撃退し籠城戦に~Demaru repelled enemy, and held castle long

1868年8月23日、近代装備の政府軍が城を攻撃しましたが、撃退されました。北出丸が防御したのです。200年以上前に出来た防衛システムが、近代戦争においてさえその頑丈さを証明したのです。軍は方針を変え、外郭を取り囲み、遠くから城に砲撃を加えました。城はかなりの損害を被りましたが、武士たちは闘志を失いませんでした。包囲戦は1ヶ月続きます。やがて援軍の見込みもなくなり、政府軍は総攻撃により外郭を突破しました。容保は9月22日に降伏しました。少年兵による白虎隊を含む会津藩士の死体は、新政府により埋葬を許されなかったといいます。
The Government Army with modern equipment attacked the castle on August 23, 1868, but was warded off. The north Demaru blocked it. The defense system established over 200 years ago proved its toughness even in a modern war. The army changed the way, surrounded the outline, and shot cannons into the castle from far away. The castle was so damaged, but the warriors kept fighting spirit. The siege lasted for one month. There would be no hope to have a reinforcement, and the army launched a full-scale attack to break the outline. Katamori had to surrender on September 22. It is said that the war dead of Aizu Domain, including a boy military unit, called Byakkotai were not allowed to be buried by the Government.

戦いで損傷した天守~The Tenshu damaged by the battle(licensed under Public Domain via Wikimeidia Commons)
天守から見た砲撃陣地跡~A view of the former artillery position from Tenshu

特徴~Features

復元された5層天守~Restored 5-layer Tenshu

現在、地元の人たちは通常この城のことを、よく知られた愛称である「鶴ヶ城」と呼んでいます。城跡は「鶴ヶ城公園」という名の歴史公園として、城の中心の基礎部分が復元天守とともに残っています。天守は外観復元され、博物館としても使われています。加藤が築いた5層天守を、蒲生が築いた元からの石垣の上に再現しています。
Now, local people usually call the castle “Tsuruga-jo”, its famous nickname. The ruins of castle remain as a historical park called Tsuruga-jo Park with the foundation of the central castle and the restored Tenshu . Tenshu is apparently restored and also used as a museum. It emulates Kato’s five-layer Tenshu on Gamo’s original stone walls.

外観復元された5層天守~The apparently restored five-layer Tenshu

その石垣は天守に比して少し大きいようにも見えますが、蒲生の7層天守にはピッタリだっともいいます。
The stone walls look little large for the Tenshu because Gamo’s seven-layer one might be fitter.

建物と石垣の境目部分~The border part between the building and the srone walls

更には天守の瓦が最近赤いものに取り替えられました。これが元来の様式であり、寒い気候でも耐久性があるとのことです。
In addition, the roof tiles of Tenshu were recently replaced with red colored ones which were original style and durable under cold climate.

赤瓦~The red rooftiles(taken by 松波庄九郎 from photoAC)

他の建物と遺跡~Other buildings and ruins

城周辺の航空写真~The aerial photo of around the castle

他には、鉄門、干飯櫓といった建物が復元され、漆喰塀により天守とつながっています。
Other buildings like Kurogane Gate and Hoshii Turret were also restored connected with Tenshu by plaster walls.

天守から見た鉄門と干飯櫓~Kurogane Gate and Hoshii Turret from Tenshu
鉄門~Kurogane Gate

それから本丸の東側に沿っている加藤が最初に築いた高石垣は必見です。
You should check out the remaining high stone walls along the east side of Honmaru that Kato first built.

本丸東側の高石垣~The high stone walls along the east side of Honmaru
高石垣は本丸東口を防御します~The high stone walls guard the east entrance of Honmaru

また、本丸の北側と西側には「出丸」の構造が残っていますので、是非ご覧ください。
You can also see the structure of the defense system “Dameru” in the north and west of Honmaru.

北出丸の入り口~The entrance of the north Demaru
西出丸の入り口~The entrance of the west Demaru

外郭の遺跡としては僅かですが甲賀町口郭門跡などがあります。
There are few ruins of the outline such as the Kogamachi Gate Ruins.

その後~Later History

元武士が保存のため買い上げ~Fromer warrior bought it to preserve

明治維新後、1874年に一般に公開後、城の全ての建物は撤去されました。元会津藩士の遠藤敬止は城跡の土地を買い上げ、1890年に以前領主だった松平家に寄付し、その保全を図りました。昭和初期、市が城跡を公園地として保有し、最終的には1934年に国の史跡に指定されました。
After Meiji Restoration, all the buildings of the castle were demolished after the exhibition to the public in 1874. Keishi Endo, a former warrior of Aizu Domain bought the land of the castle ruins and donated them to the former lord Matsudaira to keep them in 1890. In the first Showa Era, the city owned the ruins for a park. In 1934, they were lastly designated as a National Historic Site.

現在の天守は1965年に復元~The present Tenshu restored in 1965

私の感想~My Impression

会津藩は敗れてしまいましたが、会津の多くの人たちは明治時代に、女性を含め教育界や官界などで活躍しました。高い教育を受けていたからです。その歴史を知れば、会津への旅はもっと有意義になると思います。
Despite Aizu Domain being beaten, many people in Aizu succeeded in the Meiji Era, for example, in the educational and the official worlds, including women. Because they were well educated. I think leaning more about the history of Aizu will make your travel there more interesting.

本丸の北入口、太鼓門~The north entrance of Honnmaru called “Taiko-mon” or the Drum Gate

ここに行くには~How to get There

東京などの都市から東北新幹線を使ってこられるのでしたら、郡山駅から高速バスに乗るのが便利です。城の近くに直接行きつけるからです。郡山駅西口でバスに乗って、鶴ヶ城合同庁舎前バス停で降りてください。北出丸から入っていけます。
If you use the Tohoku Shinkansen super express to get there from cities like Tokyo, it can be useful to take the express bus from Koriyama station. Because it takes you directly to near the castle. Take the bus at the west exit of Koriyama station, and take off at the Tsurugajo-Godochosha-Mae bus stop. You can enter at the north Damaru.

城の北入口~The north entrance of the castle
北出丸の外観~The appearance of the north Demaru

会津若松駅からは、6番バス乗り場からハイカラさんバスに乗り、鶴ヶ城入口、鶴ヶ城北口、または鶴ヶ城三の丸口で降りてください。
車の場合は、磐越自動車道会津若松ICから約15分です。公園には西出丸、東口、南口に駐車場があります。
From Aizu-Wakamatsu station, you can take the Haikara-san bus at the No.6 bus stop, and take off at the Tsurugajo-Iriguchi, Tsurugajo-Kitaguchi or Tsurugajo-Sannomaru-Guchi bus stop.
If you want to go there by car: It takes about 15 minutes from the Aizu-Wakamatsu IC on Banetsu Expressway. The park offers parking lots at the west Demaru, the east entrance and the south entrance.

リンク、参考情報~Links and References

会津若松観光ビューローAIZU WAKAMATSU CITY
・「よみがえる日本の城17」学研(Japanese Book)
・「歴史群像119号、戦国の城/会津若松城」学研(Japanese Magazine)

20.佐倉城~Sakura Castle

土造りの城であっても十分強力です。
The castle made of earth can be just as strong.

佐倉城の馬出し跡~The Umadashi ruins of Sakura Castle

立地と歴史~Location and History

佐倉城は、現在の千葉県佐倉市にあり、かつての江戸の東にあってその防御を担っていました。この城の建設は戦国時代に千葉氏が最初に始めましたが、頓挫していました。江戸時代初期、徳川家康の命により、土井氏がこれを完成させました。
Sakura Castle was located in the east of Edo City for guarding the city, in what is now Sakura City, Chiba Prefecture. The castle’s construction first started by the Chiba clan in the “Sengoku” or Warring States Period, but it was not completed. In the first Edo Period, the Doi clan was ordered to complete it by Ieyasu Tokugawa.

佐倉城の位置~The location of Sakura Castle

この城は鹿島山という小山にあります。その山は30mの高さしかないのですが、鹿島台地の西端にあたり、南方と西方を川に囲まれていました。更に近くには大きな印旛沼がありました。そのため、この城の防御は北と東に向かって準備されたのです。
The castle was on a hill called Kashimayama. While the hill is only 30m high, it is the western edge of Kashima plateau, surrounded by rivers in the south and west. Moreover, there was the large Inbanuma Lake nearby. So the defense system of the castle was prepared towards the north and east.

城周辺の起伏地図~The relief map around the castle

明治初期の城周辺の地図~The map around the castle in the first Meiji Period

もう一つのこの城の特徴は、基礎が全て土からできていることです。戦国時代の東日本の城もまた土造りだったのですが、1590年の石垣山城以来、石垣造りとなっていました。江戸時代においては、大きな土造りの城は稀でした。
Another feature of the castle is that the foundation of it was all made of earth. Though castles in eastern Japan in the Sengoku Period were also made of earth, they were built with stone walls since Ishigakiyama Castle in 1590. A large earthen made castle was rare in the Edo Period.

佐倉城本丸の土塁~The earthen walls of Sakura Castle Honmaru enclosure

この城は弱くはありません。本丸、二の丸、三の丸といった主要な曲輪が中心から外側に配置されていました。これらの曲輪は高く分厚い土塁に囲まれ、広く深い空堀によって隔たれていました。三の丸の北側には防御のための関門である馬出しがありました。東側には、大手門などの4つの門が本丸に至るまでに控えていました。本丸は、城の中心の曲輪であり、いくつもの櫓があり、そのうち三階建ての櫓は天守と目されていました。
This castle was not weak. Its primary enclosures consisted of Honmaru, Ninomaru and Sannnomaru, from the center to outside. They were each surrounded by high and thick earthen walls, and separated by wide and deep dry moats. There was a defensive gateway barrier called Umadashi in front of the northern side of Sannomaru. On the eastern side, there were four gates such as the Main Gate “Ote-mon” to reach Honmaru. Honmaru is the main enclosure of the castle which had several turrets like the three-story turret regarded as the Main Tower or “Tenshu”.

下総国佐倉城図部分に注記、江戸時代~Part of the illustration of Sakura Castle in Shimousa Province adding notes, in the Edo Period(出典:国立国会図書館)
佐倉城址公園センターにある天守のミニチュアモデル~The miniature model of Tenshu at Sakura Castle Park Information Center

江戸時代中期までに城主は何回も変わりました。江戸時代の後期は堀田氏が城と城下を統治し続けました。佐倉藩はまた、政治のみならず文化面でも著名でした。一例として、幕府の老中の一人であった堀田正睦は幕末の外交を取り仕切る一方で、佐藤泰然を招聘し私立の医学校を設立しました。この学校は後に順天堂大学となります。
The lord of the castle was changed many times until the mid Edo Period. The Hotta clan continued to govern the castle and the town during the late Edo Period. The Sakura Domain also became famous for politics and culture. For example, Masayoshi Hotta, a member of the Shogun’s council of elders, dealt with diplomatic matters in the last days of the Tokugawa Shogunate. Juntendo University comes from a private medical school by Taizen Sato whom Masayoshi invited to Sakura.

城跡にある堀田正睦の銅像~The statue of Masayoshi Hotta at the castle ruins
佐倉順天堂記念館~Sakura Juntendo Memorial Building(licensed by あばさー via Wikimedia Commons)

特徴~Features

城周辺の地図~The map around the castle

現在、城跡は佐倉城址公園という名の歴史公園として整備されています。電車とバスを使った場合は、城の外郭に当たる椎木曲輪から入っていきます。今は国立歴史民俗博物館がある所です。かつては侍屋敷がここにありました。
Now, the ruins of the castle have been developed as a historical park called Sakura Castle Park. When using the train and bus, you will enter the ruins of the Shiinoki enclosure, located in the outline of the castle, where the National Museum of Japanese History is. Residences for warriors were in it in the past.

椎木曲輪の入り口~The entrance of Shiinoki enclosure
国立歴史民俗博物館~the National Museum of Japanese History(licensed by Wiiii via Wikimedia Commons)

曲輪を超えていくと、四角い形で馬出し跡が空堀とともにあります。この空堀は一時埋められましたが、最近掘り返されました。
Over the enclosure, there is the ruins of the square shaped Umadashi and its dry moat which was once filled, but recently dug again.

馬出し跡~The Umadashi ruins

椎木門跡を過ぎて、本丸に入ります。土塁と空堀がよく残されています。本丸の内部は空で、土造りの天守台だけが残されています。
Passing the ruins of the Shiinoki Gate, you can go to Honmaru where its earthen walls and dry moats remain in good condition. The inside is empty, only the earthen base of Tenshu can be seen.

本丸の内部~The inside of Honmaru
土造りの天守台~The earthen base of Tenshu(taken by あけび from photoAC)

本丸の外側は外水堀に面していて、腰曲輪と呼ばれる小径と、出丸と呼ばれる突き出た曲輪があります。これらにより城の防御力が増しています。
The outside of Honmaru facing outline water moat has trails called the Koshi enclosure and stuck out enclosures called Demaru. They made the castle more defensive.

腰曲輪~Koshi enclosure
出丸~Demaru enclosure(taken by あけび from photoAC)

本丸の東には姥ヶ池という池があり、老婆が誤って姫君を死なせてしまったため、彼女自身もその池に身を投げたという伝説があります。
There is a pond called Ubagaike, in the east of Honmaru, that has a legend of an old woman who accidentally killed a princess and threw the woman herself into the pond.

姥ヶ池~Ubagaike Pond

また、三の丸の前にも空堀が残っていて、最近きれいに整備されました。
There is also a remaining dry moat ,in front of Sannnomaru, that has been well developed recently.

三の丸前の空堀~The dry moat in front of Sannnomaru

その後~Later History

明治維新後は、城の建物は撤去されました。(天守は既に江戸時代後期に燃えてしまいました。)1873年からは、日本陸軍第2歩兵連隊が城跡を使います。その任務の一つは、江戸時代と同じく、帝都東京を守ることでした。第2連隊の後に入った第57連隊は第2次世界大戦で中国やフィリピンに送られ、大きな損害を受け、多数の戦死者を出しました。戦後、城跡は1962年に佐倉市の史跡に指定されました。
After the Meiji Restoration, the buildings of the castle were demolished (The Tenshu had already been burned out in the late Edo Period). The 2nd infantry regiment of Japanese Army used the ruins since 1873. One of its tasks was to guard Tokyo City just the same as in the Edo Period. The 57th infantry regiment following the 2nd infantry regiment was sent to China and the Philippines in World War II. It suffered huge damages and casualties. After the war, the ruins were designated as a historical site by Sakura City in 1962.

大手門跡~The ruins of Ote-mon Gate
大手門の古写真、撮影は佐倉藩士の阿部忠忱、菅谷義範氏蔵~The old picture of Ote-mon Gate, taken by Tadaaski Abe, a feudal retainer of Sakura Domain, owned by Yoshinori Sugaya(佐倉市Websiteから引用)

私の感想~My Impression

ここには城と見えるような建物はありません。でも城跡を歩き回ってみれば、この城が自然の地形を生かして作られたこと、土造りの城も十分強力だということがわかっていただけると思います。
There are no building looking like a castle. But after walking around the castle ruins, you can be sure that the castle was built using natural terrain, and that castles made of earth can be just as strong.

出丸の内側~The inside of Demaru enclosure

ここに行くには~How to get There

車で行く場合:東関東自動車道の佐倉ICまたは四街道ICから約20分かかります。公園に駐車場があります。
JR佐倉駅または京成佐倉駅からバスで行く場合:田町車庫行きグリーンバスに乗り、国立博物館入口バス停まはた国立歴史民俗博物館前バス停で降りてください。
If you want to go there by car: It takes about 20 minutes from the Sakura IC or the Yotsukaido IC on Higashi-kanto Expressway. The park offers a parking lot.
If you want to go there by bus from JR Sakura station or Keisei-Sakura station: Take the Chiba Green bus for Tamachi-shako and take off at the Kokuritsu-Hakubutsukan-Iriguchi bus stop or the Kokuritsu-Rekishi-Minzoku-Hakubutsukan-Mae bus stop.

リンク、参考情報~Links and References

佐倉城址公園について、佐倉市~Sakura City
・「よみがえる日本の城2」学研(Japanese Book)