Now the ruins of Akutagawa-san Castle are private owned and not developed as a public park. Visitors usually have to walk from the nearest bus stop. You may be unsure which mountain you should climb and how you go to the ruins. It is a good idea to bring the route map called “Access to the Summit of Mt. Miyoshi” which you can download from the website of Takatsuki City. After about a 15-minute walk from the bus stop, the route is divided in to two branches. You can choose either of the two routes.
The map around the castle
Tsukawaki Route
One of them is called Tsukawaki Route which goes around on the eastern side of the mountain and has a gentle slope. You can see a lot of the ruins of enclosures, but cannot enter them, because the route is surrounded by fences, so accessible areas are limited. You can also see the earthen walls crossing the route at a 90-degree angle. They are called Tate-Dorui or the Vertical Earthen Walls which prevented enemies from attacking the castle from other positions. You will also see the narrow earthen bridge with both sides having dry moats. The purpose of the system is the same as the Vertical Earthen Walls. You can even see something like the ruins of the alternate entrance.
Main Route
The other branch route is called Otesuji Route or the Main Route which goes straight up to the mountain. It is steep and rocky. You can see some old stone walls around the entrance of the mountain, but they seem to be not original for the castle. The route is also surrounded by fences and you even have to pass through a door for preventing wild boars from entering the area. Take care to close it after entering or leaving. After about a 15-minute climb, you will see the stone walls of the Main Gate. The center part of them collapsed, however they are original to the castle.
Great view from Main Enclosure
The two branch routes meet above the stone walls, as you approach the Main Enclosure on the top. The outside field will suddenly become visible; it provides a great view of the Osaka Plain. You will finally reach the Main Enclosure after another few minutes of climbing. The enclosure has been cleared to create an open space. The excavations found that the traces of the buildings which might have been used as turrets at the front, and the stone foundations of the building which could have been used as Nagayoshi Miyoshi’s Main Hall. You can enjoy the whole view of the plain including the tall buildings in Osaka City and the Ikoma Mountains where Imori Castle became Nagayoshi’s new home base after Akutagawa-san Castle.
そこには確かにアイヌの人々がいたのです。
The Ainu people certainly lived there.
立地と歴史~Location and History
アイヌの人々とチャシ~Ainu people and Chashi
チャシはアイヌの人々によって築かれた城であると言われています。しかし詳細は不明のままです。彼らは文字を持たなかったからです。チャシとはアイヌ語で柵または柵で囲まれた場所を意味します。アイヌは北海道一帯に住んでいた先住民族で狩猟、漁撈、そして交易を生業としていました。彼らの出自もまた明らかではありませんが、13世紀頃までには独自の文化を確立したようです。そしてサハリンから千島列島に至る広大な範囲でその存在を示したのです。 Chashi are said to be castles which were built by the Ainu people, but the details are uncertain, because they had no written language. Chashi means fences or a fence line in Ainu language. Ainu are native people around Hokkaido who earned a living by hunting, fishing, and trading. Their origin is also uncertain, but they seemed to establish their own culture around the 13th century, and had a presence in a large area ranging from Sakhalin to the Kuril Islands.
発掘の成果によれば、500以上のチャシが16世紀から18世紀の間に築かれました。その当時、「サパネクル」と呼ばれたアイヌの頭領が、オホーツク、沿海州、日本の本州から来た日本人までも含む外国人との交易により力をつけていきました。これらの頭領たちがチャシを作ったと考えられています。多くのチャシは簡単な構造で、柵や空堀で囲まれた単一の曲輪でした。しかしながら、根室半島では、もっと複雑な構造の多くのチャシがありました。恐らくこの半島の頭領たちがより大きな勢力を持っていたからでしょう。 According to excavations, over 500 of Chashi were built between the 16th and 18th centuries. At that time, several heads of Ainu called “Sapanekuru” were increasing their power by trading with foreign people even form Okhotsk and Primorskii, and Japanese whose origin was the Japanese mainland. It is thought that these heads mainly built the Chashi. Many of Chashi were simple with one enclosure surrounded by a fence line and dry moat. However, in Nemuro Peninsula, there were a lot of Chashi which were more complex. It could be because the heads in the peninsula had more power than others.
城の位置~The location of the castle
なぜチャシが作られたか~Why were Chashi built?
なぜチャシが作られたかについては、いくつかの説があります。もっとも広く知られているのは、「日本人」に抵抗する戦いの準備のためというものです。チャシが作られた地域が、17世紀に徳川幕府下の松前藩と実際に戦ったシャクシャインの勢力圏と一致しているからです。 There are several possible reasons for why Chashi were built. The most widely accepted theory is that they were built to prepare for battle against “Japanese”. This is because the area where they were built matches the influence area of Saksaynu who actually fought with Matsumae Domain under Tokugawa Shogunate in the 17th century.
アイヌの頭領たちが交易で得た財物をめぐってお互いに争っていたからではないかという人もいます。進化したチャシには部外者が母屋に入るを防ぐための仕掛けが多く見られます。その建物には財物がしまってあったはずです。他には、祈祷所、祭りの場所、集会所、交渉の場所などが挙げられています。 Others point out that the heads of Ainu might have fought with each other over their properties gotten by trading. They found out that some advanced Chashi had many works to prevent outsiders from entering their main building. The building must have stored their properties. Other supposed reasons are for worship sites, festival grounds, public meeting places, places for negotiation, and so on.
アイヌの悲しい歴史~Ainu’s sad history
18世紀後半、松前藩の御用商人たちがアイヌの人たちを搾取しました。「メナシクル」と呼ばれた東北海道の若いアイヌの人たちがこれに激怒し、日本人に対して反乱を起こしました(クナシリ・メナシの戦い)。彼らはまたアイヌの年長の頭領たちに対しても不満があったとされています。チャシはこの戦いに備えて完成したのかもしれません。多くのアイヌと日本人がこの戦いで殺され、負傷しましたが、最後は松前藩により鎮圧されました。 In the late 18th century, the merchants, who were agents of Matsmae Domain, exploited Ainu people. Young Ainu people in eastern Hokkaido called “Menashikuru” were very angry about it and rebelled against Japanese (Menashi-Kunashir Rebellion). They were supposed to be also angry at the old heads of Aine. Their Chashi might have been completed for the battle. Many of Ainu and Japanese were killed and wounded in the battle, and lastly Matsumae Domain put down the rebellion.
その後、松前藩はアイヌに対して交易を制限し、その結果、アイヌの社会は縮小していきました。その一方で徳川幕府と近代の日本政府はアイヌを日本人に同化させる政策を行いました。アイヌの人口は19世紀までに劇的に減少しました。チャシは全て放棄され、そして忘れ去られました。 After that, Matsumae Domain forced Ainu to limit their trading, as a result, the Ainu community was declining. Meanwhile, Tokugawa Shogunate and the modern Japanese government had the policy to assimilate Ainu into Japanese. The population of Ainu significantly decreased by the 19th century. Chashi were all abandoned and have been forgotten.
特徴~Features
現在、根室市には30以上ものチャシ跡がありますが、そのうち24ヶ所が国の史跡に指定されています。そしてそのうちの2ヶ所が観光客向けに整備されています。 Now, Nemuro City has over 30 ruins of Chashi, 24 of them are designated as a National Historic Site, and two of them are developed for visitors by the city as below.
城周辺の地図~The map around the castle
ノツカマフ1号、2号チャシ跡~Ruins of Notsukamafu N0.1 and No.2 Chashi
これらのチャシ跡はマップ湾に伸びるノツカ岬上にあります。1号チャシは、直径が約30mあり、2~3mの深さの空堀により隔てられ且つ囲まれた2つの丸い曲輪から構成されます。そのうちの一つには土橋を渡って入っていくことができます。 The ruins of these Chashi are on a cape Notsuka extending from Mappu Bay. No.1 Chashi consists of two round enclosures with a diameter of around 30m, divided and surrounded by 2 to 3m deep dry moats. You can enter one of them through an earthen bridge.
城周辺の航空写真~The aerial photo of around the castle
2号チャシはもっと浅い空堀に囲まれた単一の丸い曲輪から成ります。そのため、この曲輪は未完成だったのではないかとも言われています。ノツカマフは、クナシリ・メナシの戦いでのアイヌの指導者が処刑された場所です。 No.2 Chashi has a single round enclosure with a more shallow dry moat surrounding it, so it is said that it might have been uncompleted. Notsukamafu is where the Ainu leaders of Menashi-Kunashir Rebellion were executed.
オンネモトチャシ跡~Ruins of Wonnemoto Chashi
この遺跡は、温根元湾の西側から突き出た岬の上で、階段状の2つの平面から構成されます。湾の東側にある温根元漁港から見ると、なかなか壮観です。その平面は、四角く成形された曲輪で、これらもまた空堀により隔てられ且つ囲まれています。岬の先端に巧みに盛られているのがわかると思います。これらの曲輪の上に立つと、北海道の大地とオホーツク海の雄大な景色が堪能できます。 The ruins are two flat surfaces of steps on a cape protruding from the western side of Wonnemoto Bay. They have a great view when you see them from the Wonnemoto fishing port on the eastern side. The surfaces are square shaped enclosures, also divided and surrounded by dry moats. You can see them well mounded at the top of the cape. When you stand on both of them, you can see a wild landscape of the land of Hokkaido and the sea of Okhotsk.
城周辺の航空写真~The aerial photo of around the castle
その後~Later History
チャシの研究が進んだのは1970年代からです。歴史家が日本人や外国人が記録した古書や文書を紐解いたのです。残っているアイヌの口述歴史を調査した人もいました。行政側も北海道中のチャシ跡の発掘を進めています。その結果、根室市一帯には多くの進化したチャシがあり、歴史上の事件にも関わっていることがわかりました。市にある24ヶ所のチャシが1983年に「根室半島チャシ跡群」として国の史跡に指定されました。 The study of Chashi has been improved since the 1970s. Some historians researched old books and documents Japanese or foreign people recorded. Others investigated the remaining oral history of Ainu. Local governments have been excavating the ruins of Chashi across Hokkaido. They found out that the area around Nemuro City had many developed Chashi which are also related to the historical events. The 24 of Chashi in the city were designated as a National Historic Site called “The ruins of Chashi in Nemuro Peninsula” in 1983.
私の感想~My Impression
最初にチャシ跡に立ったときには、正に地の果てに来たという感じがしました。根室市は実際、日本が南千島列島は自分の領土だと主張しているにしても、事実上ロシアとの国境の最前線にあります。しかしアイヌの歴史を学んでみると、アイヌにとってオホーツクは開かれた海だったのです。彼らには国境などないからです。チャシは最終的には日本人との闘いのために使われたのかもしれませんが、彼らなりのやり方でチャシを築き、繁栄した時期もあったのです。もし日本とロシアの間の懸案が解決された折には、開かれた海は北海道の地に戻ってくるのでしょうか。 When I first stood on the ruins of Chashi, I felt like I came to the edge of the earth. Nemuro City is actually in front of the border between Japan and Russia, though Japan insists that south Kuril Islands belong to it. After I learned about the Ainu history, I think that Okhotsk was an open sea for Ainu, because they had no border. Chashi might have lastly been used for battle with Japanese, but they had prospered by building Chashi in their own way. I wonder if the problem between Japan and Russia was resolved, the open sea could come back to Hokkaido.
ここに行くには~How to get There
これらの遺跡に行くには、車を使うことをお勧めします。 ノツカマフとオンネモトの遺跡跡は両方とも根室半島北海岸の道道35号線沿いにあります。両方の遺跡の入口前に小さな駐車スペースがあります。根室駅から約30分位のところです。 I recommend you to visit them by car. Both the ruins of Notsukamafu and Wonnemoto are alongside Hokkaido Prefectural Route 35 in the northern coast of Nemuro Peninsula. There is a small parking lot in front of the entrance of the both ruins. It takes about 30 minutes from Nemuro Station.
リンク、参考情報~Links and References
・根室半島チャシ跡群、根室市観光協会(Nemuro City Tourism Association) ・「列島縦断「幻の名城」を訪ねて/山名美和子著」集英社新書(Japanese Book) ・「歴史群像121号、戦国の城/道東のチャシ群」学研(Japanese Magazine)
この城の中心部は、皇居、庭園や公園になりました。
The center of the castle has become Imperial Palace, gardens or parks.
江戸城は内郭と外郭に分かれていました。内郭は内堀の内側にあって城の中心的機能を果たしていて、本丸、北の丸、西の丸といった主要な曲輪から成っていました。その外周は8km近くです。そこには天守、豪華な御殿があり、多くの櫓や門によって警備されていました。現在、内郭は4つの部分に区切られています。一つずつ見ていきましょう。 Edo castle was divided into Naikaku and Gaikaku. Naikaku was the inside of the inner moat, and consisted of the center portion of the castle including primary enclosures such as Honmaru, Kitanomaru, and Nishinomaru. Its perimeter was nearly 8 km. It had the Tenshu keep, luxurious halls, many turrets and gates for security. Now, Naikaku is separated into four parts. Let’s look at each part one by one.
皇居東御苑~Imperial Palace East Garden
ここは、本丸、二の丸、そして三の丸の各曲輪を由来としています。将軍は長年本丸にあった御殿に住んでいましたが、1863年の火災の後は西の丸に移り、本丸には戻りませんでした。明治維新後、明治天皇もまた西の丸に住み続けました。そのため本丸とその周辺は宮内庁によって使われてきました。そして1968年からは、その多くの部分が庭園として公開されています。 It is derived from the enclosures, Honmaru, Ninonaru and Sannomaru. The Shogun usually lived the main hall at Honmaru for many years. But after the fire in 1863, they moved to Nishinomaru, didn’t returned to Honmaru. After the Meiji Restoration, Emperor Meiji also continued to lived in Nishinomaru. So Honmaru and the area around were used for Imperial Household Agency. Many parts of them have lastly been open to the public as the garden since 1968.
皇居東御苑の航空写真~The aerial photo of Imperial Palace East Garden
・三の丸巽二重櫓:江戸城に現存している4つの櫓のうちの一つです。庭園の外側からは、本丸富士見三重櫓を背景に、素晴らしい姿を眺めることができます。 ・Tatsumi two-story turret at Sannomaru: It is one of four remaining turrets in Edo Castle. You can see a great view of the turret with the background of Fujimi three-story turret at Honmaru from outside the garden.
・大手門:この門は、江戸城の正門でした。現存するのは一部分で、残りは復元されています。庭園の入り口の一つでもあります。皇宮警察の人たちが荷物チェックをします。この内側が三の丸となります。 ・Ote-mon Gate: This gate was the main entrance of the castle. It is partly original and the rest has been restored. It is also one of the entrances of the garden. The Imperial Guards will check your baggage. The inside of the gate is Sannomaru.
・大手三の門跡:ここは二の丸の入り口でした。過去には大きな櫓と門の前には内堀がありました。残念なことに全て撤去されてしまいました。 ・The ruins of Ote-Sannomon Gate: this was the entrance of Ninomaru enclosure. There were large turrets around and the inner moat in front of the gate in the past. Unfortunately, they have all been demolished.
・中の門跡:ここは本丸の入り口でした。ここにも建物は残っていませんが、残っている巨大な石垣には驚かれるでしょう。これらの石は、瀬戸内海から運ばれてきたものです。 ・The ruins of Nakanomon Gate: this was the entrance of Honmaru enclosure. They also have no buildings, but you will be surprised to see huge remaining stone walls. These stones were brought from Seto Islands Sea area.
・三つの現存している番所:これらは前述の門の周辺にあります。武士が厳しく訪問者をチェックしていました。その中には忍者もいたそうです。 ・The three remaining guard stations: they are around the gates mentioned before. Warriors did security check strictly. Some of them are said to be Ninja.
・中雀門跡:この門は、本丸御殿に至る最後の門でした。残っている石垣が黒ずんでいるのは1863年の火災による影響のようです。 ・The ruins of Chujaku-mon Gate: this gate was the last one that led to Honmaru main hall. Their remaining stone walls look dark that might have been caused by the fire in 1863.
・本丸御殿跡:広大な土地に御殿がひしめいていました。ここは今は花と木の庭園になっています。 ・The ruins of Honmaru main hall: this spacey area was packed with the hall. They are now used for a garden with flowers and trees.
・富士見三重櫓:江戸城で唯一現存している三重櫓です。三代目の天守が焼けた後は代用天守として使われました。本丸からはその背面を見物できます。 ・Fujimi three-story turret: it is the only remaining three-story turret in Edo Castle. It was used as the alternative Tenshu keep after the third Tenshu was burned down. We can see the back side of it at Hommaru.
・本丸展望台:ここからは二の丸庭園越しに東京中心地の景色を楽しめます。ここには台所前三重櫓がありました。過去には武士たちが見張りをしていたはずです。 ・The viewing platform at Honmaru: You can have a good view of the center of Tokyo looking over Ninomaru Garden. The Daidokoro-mae three-story turret was there. Warriors should be likely looking over for security in the past.
・天守台石垣:この城には天守がありました。最初の三人の将軍は、先代の天守に代わる自身の天守を築きました。三代目の天守は特に史上最大と言われる程巨大でした。ところが、1657年の明暦大火で焼け落ちてしまいます。その後四代目の天守再建が始まりますが、中止となりました。現在その四代目用の天守台が残っています。 ・The stone walls for Tenshu keep: the castle had the Tenshu keep. The first three Shoguns built their own Tenshu instead of using the previous one. The third Tenshu was especially big which might have been the biggest one in history. However, it was burned down by the great fire of Meireki in 1657. After the fire, the rebuilding of a fourth Tenshu was launched, but canceled. We can now see the prepared Tenshu base for it.
・梅林坂:この城の創始者である太田道灌が梅の木を植え、神社を作った所と言われています。梅林の合間に、より古風な石垣が残ります。 ・Bairin (Plum Grove) Slope: it is said that the founder of the castle, Dokan Ota planted plum trees and built a shrine there. We can now see the trees among older looking stone walls.
・平川門:ここは城の裏門で、現存しています。この門は、鬼門である東北を向いています。このため、城での罪人はこの門を通して追放されたとのことです。 ・Hirakawa-mon Gate: this was the back gate of the castle and remains now. The gate faces the traditional taboo direction – the northeast. For this reason, the offenders in the castle were banished through the gate.
皇居外苑~Outer Gardens of the Imperial Palace
ここは「皇居前広場」とも呼ばれています。江戸時代には「西の丸下」と呼ばれており、多くの大名屋敷が建っていました。明治時代に皇室の園地となりましたが、市民にとって親しみのある場所でもありました。皇居がすぐ近くに見えるからです。第二次世界大戦が終わったとき、敗戦を嘆く人たちがここに集まったことで有名です。現在の人たちも似たような状況です。簡単に来れるので、いつも多くの観光客が集まっています。現在ここは一般に公開されています。 It is called “The Palace Plaza” as well. This area was called “Under Nishinomaru” where many halls for lords were in the Edo Period. In the Meiji Era, it was turned into the garden for Imperial Families, but also familiar to citizens because they could see the Imperial Palace closely. At the end of World War II, it became a well known place for people mourning the loss of the war. This idea is similar to people in the present. Many tourists always visit there due to easy access. Now, garden is open to the public.
皇居外苑の航空写真~The aerial photo of The Outer Gardens of the Imperial Palace
・皇居正門石橋と現存する伏見櫓の風景:外苑そのものは広大な広場です。なので多くの観光客は皇居と江戸城建物の景色を愛でています。この取り合わせは一番有名なものです。 ・The view of the Palace Stone Bridge and the remaining Fushimi Turret: The garden itself is an extensive square. So many tourists enjoy the views of Imperial Palace and Edo Castle buildings. This is the most popular one.
・桜田門:これは最も有名な江戸城の建物の一つです。1860年に桜田門外の変が起こった所です。幕府大老であった井伊直弼が暗殺され、幕府の権威失墜を招きました。この門は現存しており、重要文化財に指定されています。 ・Sakurada-mon Gate: This is one of the most popular buildings of Edo Castle. Because this is where Sakuradamon Incident in 1860 happened. The chief minster of Shogunate, Naosuke Ii was assassinated and it caused Shogunate’s the authority to decreas. The gate remains now and has been designated as a Important Cultural Property.
北の丸公園~Kitanomaru Park
北の丸曲輪は、本丸の搦め手を北の方角から守る任務があり、とても重要でした。将軍の親族である清水家と田安家が江戸時代の後期に住んでいました。明治維新後は、近衛師団の兵舎がありました。第二次世界大戦後は公園になり、日本武道館や科学技術館などの施設が置かれています。 Kitanomaru enclosure was very important because it had to guard the rear of Honmaru in the north. The Shogun’s relatives, the Simizu and Tayasu clans lived in the late Edo Period. After the Meiji Restoration, the barracks of the Imperial Guard division were there. After the World War II, it became the park where facilities, like Japan Budokan, Science and Technology Museum, are located.
北の丸公園の航空写真~The aerial photo of Kitanomaru Park
・清水門:清水家の屋敷の門として使われました。とても優れた構造で、重要文化財になっています。この門は、内堀が窪んでいる奥に設置されていて、誰もが長く細い土橋を渡って入らなければなりません。侵入者は堀に沿った塀から反撃されてしまいます。 ・Shimizu-mon Gate: It was used as the gate for Shimizu clan’s hall. It has a excellent structure and has become an Important Cultural Property. The gate is set at the back of the curved inner moat. Everyone has to go on a long and narrow earthen bridge to enter. Invaders were countered by defenders on walls along the moat.
この門はまた2つの「桝形」と呼ばれる方形の区画が外と内両方にありました。守備側は背後から敵を攻撃できたのです。実に強靭な防御力です。私が思うにこの門はもっと有名になってしかるべきです。 The gate also has two square shape blocks called “Masugata” both outside and inside. Defenders were able to counter the enemy from the back. The gate is very strongly defensive. By I think it should be more well-known.
・田安門:ここは田安家の門でした。地下鉄から武道館に行く人は皆、この門を通ります。この門もまた重要文化財に指定されています。 ・Tayasu-mon Gate: It was the gate of Tayasu clan’s hall. Now, all people from the subway station to Budokan go through the gate. It looks just like the Budokan gate. It has also been designated as a Important Cultural Property.
皇居~Imperial Palace
この区域は元々西の丸曲輪と吹上と呼ばれる場所でした。将軍は江戸時代末期に西の丸にある御殿に住んでいました。明治維新のとき、明治天皇はこの御殿に入り、使い続けました。そのため西の丸周辺が皇居になったのです。一般の人は通常皇居には入れませんが、年始や天皇誕生日といった特別な日には一部開放されます。今回は、外側から見ることができる2つの興味ある景色をご紹介します。 This area includes the original Nishinomaru enclosure and a place called Fukiage. The Shogun lived in the hall at Nishinomaru at the end of the Edo Period. During the Meiji Restoration, Emperor Meiji got the hall and continued to use. That’s why Ninomaru around has become Imperial Palace. Visitors can’t usually enter the palace, but it is partly open to people on special days such as New Year Celebration and the Emperor’s birthday. This time, I will show you two of interesting views of the area from outside.
皇居の航空写真~The aerial photo of Imperial Palace
・千鳥ヶ淵:ここは今は内堀の一部になっていますが、元来は川だったようです。「淵」はこの場合、水流をせき止めて作った沼を意味します。この堀は全国的に桜の名所として知られています。春になると、堀の上にはボートで花見をする人たちで溢れます。 ・Chidori-ga-Fuchi moat: it is now a part of the inner moat, but seemed to be originally a river. “Fuchi” means a lake made by damming the water in this case. The moat is known around the whole country for cherry blossoms. A lot of people seeing them are on the boats in the moat in the early spring.
・半蔵門~この名前は、この門を警護していた忍者の頭領、服部半蔵に由来します。外側から門に伸びる土橋はまるでダムのように見えます。実際、この橋は水位を維持するために築かれました。橋の片側の水位は反対側よりかなり高くなっています。 ・Hanzo-mon Gate: its name comes from the leader of Ninja, Hanzo Hattori who kept the gate. The earthen bridge from outside to the gate looks just like a dam. Indeed, the bridge was built to hold back the water. You can see the one side of the bridge keep much higher level of the water than the other side.