Now, the trails at the ruins of Imori Castle have become very popular for hiking. There are several trails to choose from when you visit the ruins. I will describe one of the trails from JR Shijonawate Station via Shijonawate Shrine. The shrine is dedicated to Masatsura Kusunoki, a warrior in the 14th Century during Northern and Southern dynasties. He was the son of Masasige Kusunoki. He supported the Southern dynasty and was beaten in the battle of Shijonawate in 1348 by the troop of the Ashikaga Shogunate. Ashikaga Shogunate supported the Northern dynasty which used their position at Imori-yama Mountain to defeat Masatsura.
The aerial photo around the castle
Northern Enclosures and Great Wide View
The trail behind the shrine is very long and steep. You need to climb nearly 300m up the mountain. All the trails are on the western side of the mountain, so you won’t see any of the stone walls until you get to the top of the mountain. At the top of the slope, you will reach the northern part of the castle. This part is narrow, and there are several small enclosures. You will suddenly see a great city-wide view of Kyoto and Osaka. You can also see some of the remaining stone walls on the eastern side of the mountain. However, you can’t go below the stone walls because the trails on that side are abandoned and dangerous. There is also the burial mound for Nagayoshi Miyoshi called Gotaizuka around there.
Southern Enclosures – Main and Senjojiki Enclosures
As you go on the trail to the south, it is divided into two branches at the entrance of the southern part. The one on the right is for the Main Enclosure on the top of the mountain. There are several attractions for hikers on the top such as the observation platform, the statue of Masatsura, the ruins of the stand for hoisting the national flag before World War II, and the signpost of the castle. You can also see a great view again of Osaka Plain on the west. If you go on the other branch on the left, you can see a lot of stone walls on the eastern side of the Main Enclosure. New discoveries about the stone walls were recently found one after another.
On the south of the Main Enclosure, there is the largest enclosure in the castle, called Senjojiki, which means a hall of 1,000 mats. It is thought that it had the Main Hall for Nagayoshi, and now has a transmitting tower. The enclosure was guarded by the narrow earthen bridge on the north and the entrance with stone walls on the south. You can see both of these ruins onsite.
中世と近世が同居している城
A castle mixed with the Middle Ages and the Modern times
立地と歴史~Location and History
武田信玄の本陣~Stronghold for Shingen Takeda
長野県長野市にある松代城は、真田氏の城下町として有名な観光地です。この城には長い歴史があります。16世紀に武田氏が最初に築城し、その頃は海津城と呼ばれていました。この城の建設の理由は、近くの川中島が越後国(現在の新潟県)の上杉氏との最前線であったからです。城は北側が千曲川に接していて、土塁や水堀に囲まれていました。また、城の門の外側には馬出しという武田氏独特の防御システムが備えられていました。城は実際に、1561年の非常に有名な上杉謙信との川中島の戦いにおいて武田信玄の本陣として使われました。 Matsusshiro Castle is a famous attraction in Nagano City, Nagano Prefecture, which was known as a Sanada Clan castle town. The castle has a long history. It was first built by the Takeda Clan in the late 16th Century and was called Kaizu Castle. The reason for the construction was that the area nearby called Kawanakajima was the front line against the Uesugi Clan in Echigo Province (what is now Niigata Prefecture). The castle bordered Chikuma-gawa River on the north and was surrounded by earthen walls and water moats. It is also said that it was equipped with the Takeda Clan’s unique defense system called Umadashi outside the castle gates. The castle was actually used as the stronghold for Shingen Takeda when he fought with Kenshin Uesugi in the very famous fourth Battle of Kawanakajima in 1561.
城の位置~The location of the castle
真田氏による統治~Governance by Sanada Clan
1582年に武田氏が織田氏により滅ぼされた後は、この城の城主は何度も変わりました。最終的には真田氏が、城と城下町を含む松代藩を1622年から江戸時代末まで支配しました。また、1711年には徳川幕府により、城の名前が松代城と変更されました。城はそれまでに改修が続けられます。例えば、城の中心地である本丸は、内堀とともに石垣によって囲まれました。石垣の四隅の上には4基の櫓が築かれ、3基の門が本丸の入口に設置されました。本丸の内部には御殿があり、城主が住んでいました。一方、外堀とともに本丸と内堀を囲む二の丸は、まだ土塁があるだけでした。また、恐らくは武田時代に由来する馬出しも残っていました。 After the Takeda Clan was defeated by the Oda Clan in 1582, the lords of the castle were changed several times. The Sanada Clan finally governed the Matsushiro Domain including the castle and the castle town from 1622 until the end of the Edo Period. The castle was also renamed Matsushiro Castle by the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1711. The castle continued to be improved until then. For example, the center of the castle called the Main Enclosure was surrounded by stone walls with the Inner Moat. Four turrets were built on the four corners of the stone walls, and three gates were set at the entrances of the enclosure. The Main Hall was inside of the enclosure where the lord lived. On the other hand, the Second Enclosure with the Outer Moat surrounding the Main Enclosure and InnerMoat still had the earthen walls. The Umadashi system which probably originated in Takeda’s period, also remained.
新しい御殿~New Main Halls
しかしながら、この城の川に近い立地は防御には有利でしたが、統治や居住には不利でした。城は洪水の被害に何度も見舞われました。火災による被害もあり、真田氏は居宅を城の中心地から南西部分に移すことを決め、花の丸御殿を建設します。江戸時代末には城から離れた地に、親族関係者(婦女子)のための新御殿も建てました。 However, this castle’s location near the river was positive for defense, but negative for governance and living. The castle suffered damage from floods several times. It was also damaged by fires, so the Samada Clan decided to escape their home from the center of the castle to the southwest part, building Hananomaru Main Hall. The clan also built the New Main Hall for their relatives (women and children) far from the castle at the end of the Edo Period.
特徴~Features
江戸時代末期のように復元~Restored like End of Edo Period
現在、松代城の中心部は以前の姿に似通って見えます。本丸の石垣のみが現存しているのですが、本丸の2つの門、内堀と2つの橋、そして二の丸を囲む土塁さえもが長野市によって復元されています。市の関係者によると、江戸時代末期の姿を再現したということです。 Now, the center of Matsushiro Castle looks similar to its former appearance. Only the stone walls of the Main Enclosure are original, but two gates to the Main Enclosure, the Inner Moat with two bridges, and even earthen walls surrounding the Second Enclosure have been restored by Nagano City. The city officials say they tried to restore the castle to show its appearance at the end of the Edo Period.
城周辺の航空写真~The aerial photo around the castle
対照的な二の丸と本丸~Contrastive Second and Main Enclosures
観光客は通常、二の丸の入口である南門跡から城に入っていきます。この門跡は、復元された土塁に囲まれていて、その近くには馬出しの痕跡がわずかに残っています。この土塁と本丸の石垣はとても対照的です。それぞれが元々は別の時代に作られたからです。土塁は中世の戦国時代に由来し、石垣は主に江戸時代に作られました。 Visitors usually enter the castle through the ruins of the South Gate, the entrance of the Second Enclosure. The ruins are surrounded by the restored earthen walls and the trace of the Umadashi system slightly remains nearby. The earthen walls and the stone walls of the Main Enclosure are very contrastive because both of them come from different periods. The earthen walls are from the Sengoku Period of the Middle Ages and the stone walls are mainly from the Edo Period of the Modern Times.
本丸へは内堀にかかっている橋を渡り、太鼓門を通って入ります。これらは皆復元されたもので、城の新しいシンボルになりました。本丸の内側は1717年の大火以降は空き地になっています。角にあった4つの櫓は復元されていませんが、石垣は残っています。北西角のものは一番大きく、櫓の以前には天守が立っていたのではないかと言われています。また、この櫓の石垣とその積み方は他のものよりは古風であり、とても荒々しく見えます。櫓台の上に階段で登り、城周りの景色を見ることができます。 You can enter the Main Enclosure through the Taiko-mon Gate after crossing the bridge over the Inner Moat. These structures have all been restored and have become new symbols of the castle. The inside of the Main Enclosure has remained empty since the great fire in 1717. The four turrets on the corners have not been restored, but their stone wall bases remain. The northwest one is the largest and it is said that the Main Tower might have stood on it before the turret. Its stone walls and the method for piling them are also older than other stone walls, so they look very rough. You can go up the stairs to the top of the base to see a view around the castle.
独特な構造~Unique Structures
本丸の北側にはもう一つの復元された北不明門があります。その門をくぐっていくと、本丸を囲んでいる二の丸に戻っていきます。二の丸の北外側は、かつては千曲川でした。江戸時代に洪水を防ぐため、川の流路が替えられたのです。面白いものとしては、埋門という復元された小さな門が二の丸の土塁の所にあります。土塁に通した穴の中に組み込まれていますが、戦が始まったときには埋められるようになってました。 The northern side of the Main Enclosure has another restored gate called Kita-Akazu-mon. You can go through the gate back to the Second Enclosure surrounding the Main Enclosure. The outside of the Second Enclosure on the north was the Chikumagawa-River in the past. The route of the river was changed in the Edo Period to prevent floods. There is an interesting small, restored gate called Uzumi-mon in the earthen walls of the Second Enclosure. It was originally set in a hole through the walls which would have been filled when a battle happened.
その後~Later History
明治維新後、松代城は廃城となり、ほとんどの建物は売られるか撤去され、ほとんどの土地は元藩士に分け与えられ農地となりました。1904年、元藩主であり新御殿に住んでいた真田家は土地の一部を買い戻し、城跡を公園として公開しました。最終的には1951年にその土地を公共のものとして寄付しました。1981年には城跡は国の史跡に指定されましたが、当時は城の中心部に石垣だけが残っている状態でした。長野市は城跡を調査しいくつかの門、橋、土塁、水堀の復元を開始します。その復元は2004年に完了し、現在私たちは城が過去どのような姿であったか目にすることができるのです。 After the Meiji Restoration, Matsushiro Castle was abandoned, most of its buildings were sold or demolished, and most of its land was divided by former warriors to be turned into farm. In 1904, the former lord of the castle, the Sanada Clan, living in the New Main Hall, bought part of the land back to open the ruins of the castle as a park. The clan lastly donated the land to the officials in 1951. The ruins of the castle were designated as a National Historic Site in 1981, but only the stone walls remained at the center of the castle at that time. Nagano City investigated the ruins and started to restore some of gates, bridges, earthen walls and water moats. The restoration was completed in 2004 and we can now see what the castle looked like in the past.
私の感想~My Impression
松代城には、異なる時代の異なる特徴が同居しており、独特の雰囲気があると思います。石垣と土塁の面白い組み合わせを見ることができるからです。加えて、城から250m南にある真田邸をご覧になることをお勧めします。真田邸は実は新御殿の現在の名前なのです。城に関連する数少ない現存建物の一つです。これもまた国の史跡となっています。もともと藩主の近親者のために作られたものなので、その内装はとても優雅です。 I think that Matsushiro Castle has a unique atmosphere because it has different perspectives from different periods. You can see the interesting combination of its stone walls and earthen walls. In addition, I recommend that you visit the Sanada Hall, about 250m south of the castle. In fact, Sanada Hall is the present name of the New Main Hall, one of the few remaining buildings that form part of the castle. It is also designated as a National Historic Site. Its interior is very elegant as it was first built for the lord’s relatives.
ここに行くには~How to get There
上信越自動車道の長野ICから約5分のところです。城の周りにいくつか駐車場があります。 公共交通機関を使う場合は、長野駅からバスに乗り、松代駅バス停で降りてください。 It takes about 5 minutes from Nagano IC on Joshinetsu Expressway. There are parking lots around the castle. If you want to go there by public transportation, take the bus from Nanano Station and get off at the Matsushiro-eki bus stop.
リンク、参考情報~Links and References
・松代城の環境整備、長野市(Nagano City Official Website) ・よみがえる日本の城14、学研(Japanese Book) ・「日本の城改訂版第7号」デアゴスティーニジャパン(Japanese Book)
山の上にこれでもかというくらいの石垣
The endless stone walls on the mountain
立地と歴史~Location and History
三大山城の一つ~One of Three Greatest Mountain Castles
中世には、日本では山城が主流でした。戦いには好都合だったからです。ところが、天下統一の後には、ほとんどのこれらの城は廃されるか、取り壊されてしまいました。政治を行う場所としては不向きだからです。更には、将来の戦の根を断つため、徳川幕府は、大名たちにその居住する城を除き、全ての城を廃止するよう命じました。高取城は、江戸時代末期まで生き延びた数少ない山城の一つなのです。そのため、この城は日本三大山城の一つに挙げられています。 In the Middle Ages, mountain castes had been popular in Japan, because they were convenient for battle. However, after the unification of the whole country, most of these castles were abandoned or destroyed, as they were inconvenient for governance. Furthermore, to reduce the threat of future attacks, the Tokugawa Shogunate ordered the lords to destroy all castles other than the ones in which they lived. Takatori Castle was one of the few remaining mountain castles that survived until the end of the Edo Period. That’s why this castle is known as one of the three greatest mountain castles in Japan.
城の位置~The location of the castle
江戸時代末まで生き延びる~It survives until End of Edo Period
高取城は、中世に越智氏により、大和国(現在の奈良県)にある標高583mの高取山に築かれましたが、その詳細の実態はわかっていません。1585年、天下人の豊臣秀吉の弟、秀長がこの国の統治を始めたとき、この城はその支城として、詰めの城(他の城が占領されてしまったとき最後に立てこもるところ)として改良されました。秀長の部下、本多氏が大小の天守と、27基もの櫓を石垣の上に築き、この城は壮大な規模となりました。 Takatori Castle was first built on 583m high Mt. Takatori in Yamato Province (what is now Nara Prefecture) by the Ochi clan in the Middle Ages, but the exact details are unclear. After Hidenaga Toyotomi, younger brother of the ruler Hideyoshi, started to govern the province in 1585, the castle was improved as his branch and last castle (i.e., in case all his other castles were captured, he would go there). Hidenaga’s retainer, the Honda clan built the Large and Small Main Towers, and as many as 27 turrets on the stone walls, that made the castle huge.
秀長の息子、秀保が亡くなった後、本多氏は独立した領主となりました。本多氏はまた、1600年の関ヶ原の戦いで徳川幕府の創始者、徳川家康を支持して生き残ります。結果として、本多俊政が高取藩の初代藩主となりました。1640年、植村氏が本多氏を引き継ぎ、江戸時代の間ずっと藩を支配していきました。 The Honda clan became the independent owner of this castle, after Hidenaga’s son, Hideyasu died. The clan also survived the battle of Sekigahara in 1600 while supporting Ieyasu Tokugawa, the founder of the Tokugawa Shogunate. As a result, Toshimasa Honda became the first lord of the Takatori Domain. In 1640, the Uemura clan followed the Honda clan, and continued to govern the domain through the Edo Period.
ところが、高い山の上にそのような建物を維持することは困難でした。そのため、植村氏は幕府からいつでも城を修繕できるという許可を取っていました。他の大名たちは通常どんな修理でも幕府の承認が必要でした。一方では、藩の領主は山の麓に御殿を築き、そこに住んでいました。もちろんそれは、居住と統治の利便性のためでした。 However, keeping such buildings on the high mountain was difficult, so the clan was allowed by the Shogunate to repair the castle at anytime, while other lords usually had to take approvals for any fixing. On the other hand, the lord built the Main Hall on the foot of the mountain, and lived there. Of course, it was because of convenience of living and governance.
2度の戦い~Two Battles
記録によると、この城では2回戦いが起こっています。最初は1600年の戦いが起こったときでした。家康に反抗した石田三成が城に軍勢を送りましたが、撃退されました。もう一回は1863年に天誅組の変が起こったときでした。この変は、明治維新に至る動きの先駆けであったとされています。吉村寅太郎率いる千人以上の兵士が高取城を占領しようとしましたが、城下町があった山麓で反撃を受け失敗しました。高取藩の藩士たちは、そのときは山麓に住んでおり、且つよく訓練されていたからでした。 According to reports, two battles took place at the castle. The first one was when the 1600 battle occurred. Mitsunari Ishida against Ieyasu sent his troops to the castle, but were repelled. The last one was when Tenchu-gumi Incident happened in 1863. This incident is marked as the start of the Meiji Restoration process. Over 1,000 soldiers, led by Torataro Yoshimura, tried to capture Takatori Castle, but they are counterattacked and failed at the foot of the mountain, where the castle town was located. This was because the warriors of the Takatori Domain usually lived on the foot at that time and were well trained.
特徴~Features
城への3つのルート~Three Routes to Castle
高取城の入口である「大手門」へのルートは3つありました。ルートのうちの1つは「大手道」で今でもハイカーがここを登ってきます。もう一つは壷阪道で、主には車で来る人たちが通るところです。最後の3番目のルートはもはや使われていません。3つの道筋は全て同じところ、すなわち大手門に集まっていました。 There have been three routes to the entrance of Takatori Castle, which is also called “Ote-mon” or the Main Gate. One of the routes is “Ote-michi” or the Main route even now used by hikers. Another one is called Tsubosaka Route that is used mainly by people who come in car. Finally, there is a third route but it is no longer in use. Even though there were three separate routes they all met at the same point, i.e., at the Main Gate.
城周辺の地図~The map around the castle
二の丸に入る~Entering Second Enclosure
大手門跡には現在でも食い違いの石垣が残っていて、敵が簡単に城内に入れないようになっていました。この門は「二の丸」の入口でもあり、更に「十三間多聞」も経ていかなけばなりませんでした。実際、現在でも二の丸に入るには、その石垣を通らなければなりません。二の丸には最初御殿がありましたが、やがて山麓の方に移っていきました。 The ruins of the gate still have alternate stone walls to prevent enemies from entering the castle easily. The gate was the entrance of “Ninomaru” or the Second Enclosure as well, and everyone had to use another gate called “Jusanken-Tamon” to enter it. In fact, even now if you want to enter the Second enclosure you have to pass through its stone walls. The Second Enclosure had the former Main Hall before it had been moved to the foot of the mountain.
城内の地図~The map inside the castle
すごい防御力~Great Defense
二の丸から石垣が見えるのですが、それが「本丸」かと思われるかもしれません。ところが、それはただ本丸を守護する櫓群のための石垣だったのです。櫓群は、「太鼓櫓」「新櫓」「十五間多聞」から構成されていました。現在でさえ、残っている石垣をぬって進んでいかねばなりません。なんという防御力でしょう! You may think the stone walls that you see from the Second Enclosure is “Honmaru” or the Main Enclosure. However, they were those just for the groups of turrets that protected the Main Enclosure. The group consisted of “Taiko Yagura” or the Drum Turret, “Shin Yagura” or the New Turret, and “Jugoken-Tamon” Gate. Even now, you have to go over their remaining stone walls. You might be amazed at how protective this castle was!
広い本丸~Large Main Enclosure
ついに本丸の石垣が、巨大な木の背後に見えてきます。この本丸は山城のものとしては、かなり大きなものです。ここに入るのにも曲がりくねった入口を通る必要があります。大天守と小天守が石垣に沿い、多聞櫓によって連結されて立っていました。発掘の成果によれば、石垣のいくつかは古代の古墳から持ってこられたとのことです。 You can finally see the stone walls of the Main Enclosure behind a big tree. The enclosure is very large for a mountain castle. You have to go through the zigzagged entrance again to enter it. The Large Main Tower and the Small Main Tower stood connected by Tamon Turret alongside the stone walls. An excavation found out that some stones were brought from those for ancient tombs.
高取城跡には建物は残っていませんが、その土台や石垣がまだそこにあり、この城がかつて大変強力だったことを想像するのは十分可能だと思います。 The ruins of Takatori Castle have no buildings, but their foundation and stone walls still stand and it is enough for us to enjoy and imagine that the castle was once so strong.
その後~Later History
明治維新後、1873年に高取城は廃城となりました。城にあった建物は売られるか、撤去されるか、自然に崩壊していきました。建物は全て失われたものの、石垣と共にある土台はかつてあったように残っています。高い山の上に位置していたからです。そのため、私たちは今広大な城跡を見ることができるのです。城跡は1953年に国の史跡に指定されました。 After the Meiji Restoration, Takatori Castle was abandoned in 1873. The buildings of castle were either sold, demolished, or collapsed naturally. The buildings have been all lost, but the foundation with stone walls remain as it once was, because they were (situated) on the high mountain. That’s why we can now see the huge ruins of the castle. The ruins were lastly designated as a National Historic Site in 1953.
私の感想~My Impression
高取城のすばらしい遺跡を目にすることができるもう一つの理由は、本多氏が独立した領主となり、また植村氏が長期間城を維持してきたからだと思います。そうでなければ、城はもっと早く廃城となり、私たちは城跡を見て楽しめるむこともなかったでしょう。それは奇跡的所業であり、先人に感謝すべきでしょう。 I think another reason why we can see the great ruins of Takatori Castle is that the Honda clan became an independent owner, and the Uemura clan maintained the castle for a long time. Otherwise, the castle might would have been abandoned much earlier, then we (wouldn’t) have been able to enjoy the ruins. That was a miraculous achievement, so we should thank our ancestors.
今回私は城跡に車で行きました。そのため、壷阪口しか通っていません。大手道沿いにはまた、もっと多くの見所があるといいます。ですので、いつかこの道を通って城跡に再び行ってみたいです。 This time, I visited the ruins by car, so I only went through Tsubosaka Route. There are also many more attractions along the Main Route, so I would like to walk through the route, and visit the castle ruins again someday.
ここに行くには~How to get There
車で行く場合は、南阪奈道路の葛城ICから約30分かかります。八幡登山口にはとても狭い駐車スペースしかありません。そこから城跡まで更に歩いて約20分かかります。途中にある壷阪寺に駐車することもできますが、城跡までは歩いて約1時間です。 If you want to go there by car: It takes over 30 minutes from the Katsuragi IC on Minami-Hanna Road. There is very little space to park at the Hachiman starting point. You have to walk from there to the ruins for about another 20 minutes. You can also park at Tsubosaka-dera Temple on the way and walk to the ruins for about an hour. 電車の場合は、近鉄吉野線の壷阪山駅から歩いて約2時間の道のりです。かなり長い歩きとなりますが、観光シーズンには、多くのハイカーが歩きながら自然やくつろいだ雰囲気、そして城跡を楽しんでいます。 By train, It takes about two hours from Tsubosakayama Station on Kintetsu Yoshino line to the castle ruins on foot. It may be a long walk, but many hikers walk along the route and enjoy nature, a good atmosphere and the ruins in the tourist season.
リンク、参考情報~Links and References
・高取城、高取町観光ガイド(Takatori Town Official Website) ・「よみがえる日本の城1」学研(Japanese Book) ・「日本の城改訂版第105号」デアゴスティーニジャパン(Japanese Book) ・「幕末維新の城/一坂太郎著」中公新書(Japanese Book)